{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T05:54:35Z","timestamp":1785390875935,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Truth Initiative"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The objective of this study was to describe tobacco and nicotine product use state transition probabilities among youth and young adults over time.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A national sample of young adult tobacco product users and nonusers between the ages of 18 and 34 years at baseline was surveyed at 6-month intervals for 3 years. Use and nonuse states were defined as mutually exclusive categories based on self-reported, past 30-day use of the various products. Never use, noncurrent use, and current use of combustible, noncombustible tobacco, and electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) products was assessed at each interval. A multistate model was fit to estimate transition probabilities between states and length of stay within each state.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>After 6 months, same-state transition probabilities were high for all use states (0.76\u20130.96), except for dual product use (0.48). After 3 years, transition probabilities were smaller and tended to converge toward combustible product use for baseline e-cigarette (0.42), combustible (0.51), and dual product users (0.52). Age was inversely associated with transition risk from never or noncurrent use to use of combustible or e-cigarette products.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Never and noncurrent users, followed by combustible product users, were most likely to remain in those states throughout the 3-year observation interval. Users of any tobacco or e-cigarette product at baseline were most likely to transition to combustible product use or noncurrent use by the final follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study describes the probability of transitioning between various states of tobacco product use, including never and no current use, over a span of 3 years in a sample of young adults. This type of longitudinal description, which includes all tobacco product use states, is lacking in most studies that tend to focus on one or only a few products. The results suggest that it is important to assess outcomes over a sufficiently long period to capture true variability in patterns of product use.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntz030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]],"date-time":"2019-02-22T15:17:36Z","timestamp":1550848656000},"page":"647-654","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Young Adult Tobacco and E-cigarette Use Transitions: Examining Stability Using Multistate Modeling"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Raymond","family":"Niaura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, NYU College of Global Public Health, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilan","family":"Rich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2319-2159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda L","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea C","family":"Villanti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexa R","family":"Romberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth C","family":"Hair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna 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