{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T22:21:28Z","timestamp":1779920488262,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,10]],"date-time":"2019-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81671717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81671717"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The main objective of this study was to explore the mechanism of nicotine improving cognitive impairments in ischemic rats.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Twenty adult male Sprague\u2013Dawley (SD) rats underwent ischemic model surgery by injecting endothelin-1 into the left thalamus, which were classified into four different groups with different intervention: nicotine (1.5 mg\/kg\/d), dihydro-\u03b2-erythroidine (DH\u03b2E; 3 mg\/kg\/d), nicotine (1.5 mg\/kg\/d) + DH\u03b2E (3 mg\/kg\/d), or saline, after ischemic model surgery. Another five male SD rats also underwent same surgery, while not injecting endothelin-1 but saline, as the control group. Morris water maze (MWM) test was adopted to assess the cognition. All the rats underwent the MWM test, micro positron emission tomography imaging with 2-[18F]-A-85380, and messenger RNA (mRNA) test of \u03b1\u200a4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), \u03b2\u200a2 nAChR, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The MWM test showed the rats given nicotine showing better memory than ischemic rats (p &amp;lt; .05), whereas the rats given DH\u03b2E or both nicotine and DH\u03b2E did not show any statistical difference from the ischemic rats (p &amp;gt; .05). Micro positron emission tomography imaging showed higher uptake of tracer in the left thalamus and whole brain in rats given nicotine than in ischemic rats, but the rats given DH\u03b2E or both nicotine and DH\u03b2E did not. By real-time PCR test, the mRNA of \u03b1\u200a4 nAChR and \u03b2\u200a2 nAChR in rats given nicotine increased significantly compared with ischemic rats and decreased TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6 mRNA (all ps &amp;lt; .05).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>By activating \u03b1\u200a4\u03b2\u200a2 nAChRs, nicotine plays a role in inhibiting the inflammatory factors, which contributes to improving cognitive impairment in ischemic rats.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>It is well acknowledged that vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Cholinergic agents have potential for the symptomatic treatment of the cognitive symptoms of dementia, but the exact mechanism still remains unclear. There are potential complex associations and interactions between VCI and inflammation. This study showed that nicotine had anti-inflammatory potency, which is most likely because of the activation of the nAChRs. By activating \u03b14\u03b22 nAChRs, nicotine played a role in inhibiting the inflammatory factors, which contribute to improving cognitive impairment in ischemic rats.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntz126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]],"date-time":"2019-08-12T13:58:40Z","timestamp":1565618320000},"page":"919-924","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Nicotine Induced Neurocognitive Protection and Anti-inflammation Effect by Activating \u03b1\u200a4\u03b2\u200a2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Ischemic Rats"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Tingting","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital 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