{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:54:18Z","timestamp":1791942858580,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SHI-155408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHI-155408"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The legalization of nonmedical cannabis in 2018 may have important implications for tobacco use in Canada. There is a risk of renormalizing tobacco use with co-use of tobacco and cannabis introducing nontobacco users to tobacco. Co-use is the use of both substances by the same individual at the same time or on different occasions, as well as mixed together. This study assessed the prevalence of co-use and mixing of tobacco and cannabis among Ontario adults and the characteristics of the users.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data from the 1996 to 2017 cycles of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Monitor (n\u2005=\u20054481) were used to examine trends in prevalence and the proportion of Ontario adults co-using and mixing tobacco and cannabis. Logistic regression was used to study associations between user characteristics and co-use and mixing.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Co-use of cigarettes and cannabis among cannabis users declined from 59.8% in 1996 to 41.7% in 2017. Past-year e-cigarette use was the only predictor of co-use. From 2015 to 2017, 31.1% (95% confidence interval 27.0, 35.9) of Ontario adults who used cannabis reported mixing it with tobacco in the past year. Being white, past-year e-cigarette use, having moderate or high nicotine dependence, and having moderate or high risk for cannabis problems were significant predictors of mixing among cannabis users.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Given the well-established negative health effects associated with tobacco use, alongside a growing evidence base for negative health effects of cannabis smoking, co-use and mixing could pose a considerable public health concern in the context of legalization.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Considerable effort has been expended to reduce tobacco smoking. However, current efforts to reduce tobacco smoking may be diminished since this study found the prevalence of mixing tobacco and cannabis among cannabis users in Ontario to be higher than expected. Mixing tobacco and cannabis may introduce nontobacco smokers to tobacco, exposing them to health risks associated with both cannabis and tobacco smoke. Therefore, there is a need to monitor changes in tobacco use and understanding implications for tobacco control and cessation programs within the changing environment of cannabis legalization in Canada and other jurisdictions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntz238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]],"date-time":"2019-12-17T20:16:38Z","timestamp":1576613798000},"page":"171-178","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Co-use and Mixing Tobacco With Cannabis Among Ontario Adults"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4797-4414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Navitha","family":"Jayakumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9589-2122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Chaiton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON"},{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1363-5729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renee","family":"Goodwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, City University of New York, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON"},{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5965-8120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela","family":"Kaufman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2021010711002550500_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-013-0307-9","article-title":"Trends in smoking in Canada from 1950 to 2011: progression of the tobacco epidemic according to socioeconomic status and 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