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Evidence to date shows that lactation is a vulnerable time during which transient insults can have lasting effects, resulting in altered health outcomes in offspring in adult life. Despite the importance of the developmental programming that occurs during this plastic period of neonatal life, there are few comprehensive reviews of the multiple challenges\u2014especially to the dam\u2014during lactation. This review presents milk data from rodent studies involving maternal nutritional challenges and offspring outcome data from studies involving maternal manipulations during lactation. Among the topics addressed are maternal nutritional challenges and the effects of litter size and artificial rearing on offspring metabolism and neural and endocrine outcomes. The lactation period is an opportunity to correct certain functional deficits resulting from prenatal challenges to the fetus, but, if not personalized, can also lead to undesirable outcomes related to catch up-growth and overnutrition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T12:26:49Z","timestamp":1589891209000},"page":"32-47","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Importance of the lactation period in developmental programming in rodents"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Guadalupe L","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda de la Reproducci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia J","family":"Bautista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda de la Reproducci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen I","family":"Rojas-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda de la Reproducci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter W","family":"Nathanielsz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Wyoming Center for Pregnancy and Life Course Health Research, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Zambrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda de la Reproducci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020120306170625700_nuaa041-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8050279","article-title":"Review of infant feeding: key features of breast milk and infant formula","volume":"8","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2020120306170625700_nuaa041-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00696","article-title":"What\u2019s normal? 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