{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:31:44Z","timestamp":1792794704729,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Undersecretary of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences","award":["IR.TBZMED.VCR.REC.1399.126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IR.TBZMED.VCR.REC.1399.126"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04krpx645","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several studies suggest a relationship between trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) concentrations and increased cardiometabolic risk, but findings are controversial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize evidence of the relationship between circulating TMAO levels and risk of hypertension and increased serum lipids in a dose-response and 2-class meta-analysis of discrete and continuous variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and ProQuest databases were searched.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Selection<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observational studies that reported disease status of participants (\u2265\u200518 years), type of sample in which TMAO was measured (serum or plasma), and results based on at least 2 categories of TMAO concentrations, including relative risks, hazard ratios, or odds ratios with 95%CIs for cardiometabolic risk factors in association with circulating TMAO levels were selected. Papers were reviewed independently by both authors. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of included studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Extraction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The following data were extracted: first author\u2019s name, publication year, study design, study location, demographic information of participants, and concentrations of circulating TMAO.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. There was a dose-response relationship between circulating TMAO and increased odds of hypertension in cohort studies (P\u2009 for nonlinearity =\u20090.049), in plasma-derived TMAO samples (P\u2009 for nonlinearity =\u20090.043), in patients with cardiovascular disease (P\u2009 for nonlinearity =\u20090.048), and in apparently healthy individuals from community-based studies (P\u2009 for nonlinearity =\u20090.005). Moreover, the highest category of TMAO concentrations was associated with a 2.36\u2009mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure when compared with the lowest category. The dose-response meta-analysis of continuous variables revealed that an increase in TMAO is associated with reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in apparently healthy individuals and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increased total cholesterol in patients with cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Circulating TMAO is positively associated with an increased risk of hypertension and other cardiometabolic disorders in adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PROSPERO identification number CRD42019138296.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T23:21:26Z","timestamp":1599088886000},"page":"1022-1042","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Gut microbiota\u2013associated trimethylamine\n                    <i>N<\/i>\n                    -oxide and increased cardiometabolic risk in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Mahdieh","family":"Abbasalizad Farhangi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Vajdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13781","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13739-9","article-title":"TMAO is associated with mortality: impact of modestly impaired renal function","volume":"7","author":"Gruppen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-015-1207-y","article-title":"Associations among serum trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) levels, kidney function and infarcted coronary artery number in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery: a cross-sectional study","volume":"20","author":"Mafune","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2015.06.016","article-title":"The relationship between trimethylamine-N-oxide and prevalent cardiovascular disease in a multiethnic population living in Canada","volume":"31","author":"Mente","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3145","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Koeth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.094458","article-title":"Eggs as a dietary source for gut microbial production of trimethylamine-N-oxide","volume":"100","author":"Hazen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.118.311023","article-title":"Gut microbiota-dependent trimethylamine N-oxide predicts risk of cardiovascular events in patients with stroke and is related to proinflammatory monocytes","volume":"38","author":"Haghikia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.04.128","article-title":"Increased plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide is associated with incident atrial fibrillation","volume":"267","author":"Svingen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004237","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.004237","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide and mortality risk in patients with peripheral artery disease","volume":"5","author":"Senthong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E971","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121971","article-title":"Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) as novel potential biomarker of early predictors of metabolic syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Barrea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.157107","article-title":"Association between microbiota-dependent metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide and type 2 diabetes","volume":"106","author":"Shan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06190518","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with ESKD receiving maintenance hemodialysis","volume":"14","author":"Stubbs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.02.617","article-title":"Prognostic value of elevated levels of intestinal microbe-generated metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide in patients with heart failure: refining the gut hypothesis","volume":"64","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26745","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26745","article-title":"Relationship of serum trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) levels with early atherosclerosis in humans","volume":"6","author":"Randrianarisoa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09922","article-title":"Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease","volume":"472","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.02.011","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolite TMAO enhances platelet hyperreactivity and thrombosis risk","volume":"165","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12993","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12993","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) potentially increases the risk of obesity in adults: an exploratory systematic review and dose-response meta- analysis","volume":"21","author":"Dehghan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes Rev."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-020-00592-2","article-title":"Gut microbiota-associated metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide and the risk of stroke: a systematic review and dose\u2013response meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Farhangi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr J."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.110856","article-title":"Gut microbiota-dependent trimethylamine N-oxide and all-cause mortality: findings from an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"78","author":"Farhangi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1770199","article-title":"Novel findings of the association between gut microbiota-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide and inflammation: results from a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Farhangi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12843","article-title":"Gut microbe-generated metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide and the risk of diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Zhuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"151","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001419","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001419","article-title":"PRISMA for abstracts: reporting systematic reviews in journal and conference abstracts","volume":"10","author":"Beller","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B23","volume-title":"The Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses","author":"Wells","year":"2014"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B24","year":"2012"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d549","article-title":"Interpretation of random effects meta-analyses","volume":"342","author":"Riley","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x","article-title":"Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Duval","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0483-0","article-title":"Dealing with missing standard deviation and mean values in meta-analysis of continuous outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Weir","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.11.003","article-title":"Effect sizes can be calculated for studies reporting ranges for outcome variables in systematic reviews","volume":"60","author":"Walter","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-5-13","article-title":"Estimating the mean and variance from the median, range, and the size of a sample","volume":"5","author":"Hozo","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6072","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3427","article-title":"Meta-analysis of skewed data: combining results reported on log-transformed or raw scales","volume":"27","author":"Higgins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003970","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.003970","article-title":"Microbiota-dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide and coronary artery calcium in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA)","volume":"5","author":"Meyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002816","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002816","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota-generated metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide and 5-year mortality risk in stable coronary artery disease: the contributory role of intestinal microbiota in a COURAGE-like patient cohort","volume":"5","author":"Senthong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnim.2017.03.002","article-title":"Genome- and CD4+ T-cell methylome-wide association study of circulating trimethylamine-N-oxide in the Genetics of Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN","volume":"8","author":"Aslibekyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nutr Intermed Metab"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014111063","article-title":"Serum trimethylamine-N-oxide is elevated in CKD and correlates with coronary atherosclerosis burden","volume":"27","author":"Stubbs","year":"2016","journal-title":". J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0600600103","article-title":"Generalized least squares for trend estimation of summarized dose-response data","volume":"6","author":"Orsini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stata J."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr265","article-title":"Meta-analysis for linear and nonlinear dose-response relations: examples, an evaluation of approximations, and software","volume":"175","author":"Orsini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B38","volume-title":"Local Polynomial Modelling and Its Applications: Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability 66","author":"Fan","year":"1996"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0048","article-title":"Utility of plasma concentration of trimethylamine N-oxide in predicting cardiovascular and renal complications in individuals with type 1 diabetes","volume":"42","author":"Winther","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2016.263640","article-title":"Increased trimethylamine N-oxide portends high mortality risk independent of glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"63","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2016.264853","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide and risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"63","author":"Suzuki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.04.126","article-title":"Plasma trimethylamine N-oxide is associated with vulnerable plaque characteristics in CAD patients as assessed by optical coherence tomography","volume":"265","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700363","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700363","article-title":"Associations of current diet with plasma and urine TMAO in the KarMeN study: direct and indirect contributions","volume":"61","author":"Kr\u00fcger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.220103","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of trimethylamine-N-oxide are directly associated with dairy food consumption and low-grade inflammation in a German adult population","volume":"146","author":"Rohrmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.021997","article-title":"Serum trimethylamine N-oxide concentration is positively associated with first stroke in hypertensive patients","volume":"49","author":"Nie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010606","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.010606","article-title":"Urinary levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide and incident coronary heart disease: a prospective investigation among urban Chinese adults","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assn"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-017-1194-2","article-title":"Relationships between gut microbiota, plasma metabolites, and metabolic syndrome traits in the METSIM cohort","volume":"18","author":"Org","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01936","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota on cardio-metabolic parameters and immunity in coronary artery disease patients with and without type-2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"8","author":"Sanchez-Alcoholado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016030374","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide and cardiovascular events in hemodialysis patients","volume":"28","author":"Shafi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00168","article-title":"Unfavorable associations between serum trimethylamine N-oxide and L-carnitine levels with components of metabolic syndrome in the Newfoundland population","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201500537","article-title":"Fish protein increases circulating levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide and accelerates aortic lesion formation in apoE null mice","volume":"60","author":"Yazdekhasti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO00007F","article-title":"Fish oil ameliorates trimethylamine N-oxide-exacerbated glucose intolerance in high-fat diet-fed mice","volume":"6","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600324","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600324","article-title":"Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) response to animal source foods varies among healthy young men and is influenced by their gut microbiota composition: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"61","author":"Cho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.209296","article-title":"Choline and betaine intakes are not associated with cardiovascular disease mortality risk in Japanese men and women","volume":"145","author":"Nagata","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602725","article-title":"Prospective study on dietary intakes of folate, betaine, and choline and cardiovascular disease risk in women","volume":"62","author":"Dalmeijer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.007","article-title":"Gut flora-dependent metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide accelerates endothelial cell senescence and vascular aging through oxidative stress","volume":"116","author":"Ke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BSR20160244","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20160244","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide in atherogenesis: impairing endothelial self-repair capacity and enhancing monocyte adhesion","volume":"37","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2017.06.006","article-title":"Trimethylamine-N-oxide, as a risk factor for atherosclerosis, induces stress in J774A.1 murine macrophages","volume":"63","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Med Sci"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-018-0091-y","article-title":"Gut microbe-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide induces cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lab Invest."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1080\/10641963.2018.1481420","article-title":"Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) increased aquaporin-2 expression in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0189310","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189310","article-title":"Hypertension in rats is associated with an increased permeability of the colon to TMA, a gut bacteria metabolite","volume":"12","author":"Jaworska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plos One."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.09.010","article-title":"Trimethylamine-N-oxide: a carnitine-derived metabolite that prolongs the hypertensive effect of angiotensin II in rats","volume":"30","author":"Ufnal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2019.02.028","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide promotes tissue factor expression and activity in vascular endothelial cells: a new link between trimethylamine N-oxide and atherosclerotic thrombosis","volume":"177","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.11.071","article-title":"A potential relationship between gut microbes and atrial fibrillation: trimethylamine N-oxide, a gut microbe-derived metabolite, facilitates the progression of atrial fibrillation","volume":"255","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.12.069","article-title":"Increased circulating trimethylamine N-oxide contributes to endothelial dysfunction in a rat model of chronic kidney disease","volume":"495","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002767","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002767","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide promotes vascular inflammation through signaling of mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-\u03baB","volume":"5","author":"Seldin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1159\/000484623","article-title":"Trimethylamine-N-oxide instigates NLRP3 inflammasome activation and endothelial dysfunction","volume":"44","author":"Boini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23030549","article-title":"Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO)-induced impairment of cardiomyocyte function and the protective role of urolithin B-glucuronide","volume":"23","author":"Savi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00350","article-title":"Elevated circulating trimethylamine N-oxide levels contribute to endothelial dysfunction in aged rats through vascular inflammation and oxidative stress","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006347","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.006347","article-title":"Trimethylamine-N-oxide induces vascular inflammation by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome through the SIRT3-SOD2-mtROS signaling pathway","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01082","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota in atherosclerosis and hypertension","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.11.016","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide promotes atherosclerosis via CD36-dependent MAPK\/JNK pathway","volume":"97","author":"Geng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00944","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide supplementation abolishes the cardioprotective effects of voluntary exercise in mice fed a Western diet","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-018-0939-6","article-title":"Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO)-induced atherosclerosis is associated with bile acid metabolism","volume":"17","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900257","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201900257","article-title":"Trimthylamine N-oxide aggravates liver steatosis through modulation of bile acid metabolism and inhibition of Farnesoid X receptor signaling in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"63","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2014.03.001","article-title":"Dietary trimethylamine N-oxide exacerbates impaired glucose tolerance in mice fed a high fat diet","volume":"118","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biosci Bioeng"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-015-0795-6","article-title":"Sex differences in urine metabolites related with risk of diabetes using NMR spectroscopy: results of the Study of Health in Pomerania","volume":"11","author":"Friedrich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"2021081108013805400_nuaa111-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.11.015","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide, Mediterranean diet, and nutrition in healthy, normal-weight adults: also a matter of sex?","volume":"62","author":"Barrea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"}],"container-title":["Nutrition Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/article-pdf\/79\/9\/1022\/39622613\/nuaa111.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/article-pdf\/79\/9\/1022\/39622613\/nuaa111.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T16:03:29Z","timestamp":1696608209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/article\/79\/9\/1022\/6019953"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa111","relation":{},"ISSN":["0029-6643","1753-4887"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0029-6643","type":"print"},{"value":"1753-4887","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]}}}