{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:20:08Z","timestamp":1791930008884,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Autism Special Fund of the Peking Union Medical Foundation, the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Science","award":["2017I2M\u20133\u2013017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017I2M\u20133\u2013017"]}]},{"name":"Non\u2013profit Central Research Institute Fund of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","award":["2019XK320030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019XK320030"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It has been suggested that a gluten-free and casein-free (GFCF) diet may alleviate the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and facilitate neurodevelopment of children with ASD. Studies to date have been inconclusive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate (through quantitative meta-analysis) the efficacy and safety of a GFCF diet for children with ASD. To our knowledge, this is the first time such an analysis has been carried out.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eight electronic databases were searched, from the establishment of each database up to March 27, 2020: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase (Ovid), PsycINFO (Ovid), Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP databases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Extraction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two authors independently performed the data extraction and risk-of-bias assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A quantitative meta-analysis was performed with standard procedures by using Stata SE 15 software. Within the total of 8 studies, with 297 participants, 5 studies reported significant reductions in stereotypical behaviors [standard mean difference (SMD) = \u20130.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): \u20130.68 to \u20130.15], and 3 studies reported improvements in cognition (SMD = \u20130.46, 95% CI: \u20130.91 to \u20130.01) following GFCF dietary intervention . No statistically significant changes were observed in other symptomatic categories (all P\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current meta-analysis showed that a GFCF diet can reduce stereotypical behaviors and improve the cognition of children with ASD. Though most of the included studies were single-blind, the benefits of a GFCF diet that have been indicated are promising. Additional studies on a larger scale are warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020177619.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuab073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T07:26:11Z","timestamp":1629185171000},"page":"1237-1246","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["A systematic review and meta-analysis of the benefits of a gluten-free diet and\/or casein-free diet for children with autism spectrum disorder"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4599-6174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liuliu","family":"Quan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinjie","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Science Research Center, Peking Union 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