{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T02:49:46Z","timestamp":1791773386109,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Iron fortification is a very popular practice in several countries, particularly in countries in which a large proportion of the population is suffering from iron deficiency, as in lower-middle-income countries. Food fortification with iron salts is a difficult operation, because most iron complexes (ferrous sulfate, ferrous chloride) are water soluble, which can cause undesirable alterations to the sensory properties of the food carriers. On the other hand, insoluble iron salts (eg, ferric pyrophosphate) do not have an unpleasant taste or color, but their bioavailability is low. These issues can be addressed with iron nanoparticles. The small particle size has been shown to have a significant impact on iron absorption. Iron nanoparticles with smaller particle sizes have more surface area, which improves their solubility in gastric juice and leads to better bioavailability. When compared with water-soluble iron complexes, nano-sized iron compounds generate negligible organoleptic alterations in food carriers. As a result, iron nanoparticles could be potentially used in food fortification to minimize iron-deficiency anemia. This review focuses on the absorption pathway and the toxicity of various forms of iron nanoparticles. In vitro cell studies and animal studies indicate that nano-sized iron particles can be taken up either by the Divalent Metal Transporter 1 pathway or the endocytic pathway. Nano-sized ferric phosphate and iron(III) oxo hydroxide show the most promising results, based on recent studies on fortification. To date, there are insufficient studies on the maximum intake level and potential adverse effects. Further extensive work is essential before introducing nano-iron compounds as food fortificants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuac011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T07:15:39Z","timestamp":1643094939000},"page":"1974-1984","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Fortification of foods with nano-iron: its uptake and potential toxicity: current evidence, controversies, and research gaps"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Ruchira","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Health, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney , NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayashree","family":"Arcot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Health, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney , NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61235-5","article-title":"Nutritional iron deficiency","volume":"370","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1997.tb01608.x","article-title":"Preventing iron deficiency through food fortification","volume":"55","author":"Hurrell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nutr Rev."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-012-0445-y","article-title":"Ferrous ammonium phosphate (FeNH4PO4) as a new food fortificant: iron bioavailability compared to ferrous sulfate and ferric pyrophosphate from an instant milk drink","volume":"52","author":"Walczyk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201700231","article-title":"In vivo study of the effect of lactoferrin on iron metabolism and bioavailability from different iron chemical species for formula milk fortification","volume":"39","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Men\u00e9ndez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-016-1325-7","article-title":"Iron bioavailability from supplemented formula milk: effect of lactoferrin addition","volume":"56","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Men\u00e9ndez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1994.tb18121.x","article-title":"Iron, zinc, copper and selenium status of breast-fed infants and infants fed trace element fortified milk-based infant formula","volume":"83","author":"Lonnerdal","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)00842-0","article-title":"Ferritin, iron homeostasis, and oxidative damage","volume":"33","author":"Arosio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12947","article-title":"Bioavailability of iron, vitamin A, zinc, and folic acid when added to condiments and seasonings","volume":"1357","author":"Degerud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-005-0560-0","article-title":"The relative bioavailability in humans of elemental iron powders for use in food fortification","volume":"45","author":"Hoppe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B10","first-page":"78","article-title":"Selection of iron sources for cereal enrichment","volume":"53","author":"Harrison","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cereal Chem"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811488-9.00016-0","volume-title":"Nanomaterials in Plants, Algae and Microorganisms: Concepts and Controversies, Volume 2","author":"Manna","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81250","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081250","article-title":"Caco-2 cell acquisition of dietary iron(III) invokes a nanoparticulate endocytic pathway","volume":"8","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1159\/000197300","article-title":"The iron-binding glycoprotein of human gastric juice. II. Nature of the interaction of the glycoprotein with iron","volume":"8","author":"Rudzki","year":"1973","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.01.006","article-title":"Potential impacts of iron biofortification in India","volume":"66","author":"Stein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2012.03.004","article-title":"Iron biofortification in rice: it\u2019s a long way to the top","volume":"190","author":"Sperotto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2011.10.003","article-title":"Biofortification for combating \u201chidden hunger\u201d for iron","volume":"17","author":"Murgia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00543","article-title":"Iron biofortification in rice by the introduction of multiple genes involved in iron nutrition","volume":"2","author":"Masuda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61678","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA07724A","article-title":"Beneficiary effect of nanosizing ferric pyrophosphate as food fortificant in iron deficiency anemia: evaluation of bioavailability, toxicity and plasma biomarker","volume":"5","author":"Srinivasu","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3354","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2311","article-title":"Nanotechnology: a novel tool to enhance the bioavailability of micronutrients","volume":"9","author":"Arshad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/10408399209527576","article-title":"Contributions of heme and nonheme iron to human nutrition","volume":"31","author":"Carpenter","year":"1992","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.28674F","article-title":"Iron bioavailability and dietary reference values","volume":"91","author":"Hurrell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3933","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-09-3139","article-title":"Hephaestin is a ferroxidase that maintains partial activity in sex-linked anemia mice","volume":"103","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B23","first-page":"1291","article-title":"Reduction of Fe(III) is required for uptake of nonheme iron by Caco-2 cells","volume":"125","author":"Han","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.4.642","article-title":"Iron uptake is enhanced in Caco-2 cell monolayers by cysteine and reduced cysteinyl glycine","volume":"127","author":"Glahn","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.2.245","article-title":"Histidine content of low-molecular-weight beef proteins influences nonheme iron bioavailability in Caco-2 cells","volume":"132","author":"Swain","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/126.9.2209","article-title":"A ferric reductase activity is found in brush border membrane vesicles isolated from Caco-2 cells","volume":"126","author":"Ekmekcioglu","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4889(92)90129-Y","article-title":"Investigation of a role for reduction in ferric iron uptake by mouse duodenum","volume":"1135","author":"Raja","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3090745","article-title":"Characterization and partial purification of a ferrireductase from human duodenal microvillus membranes","volume":"309","author":"Riedel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1057206","article-title":"An iron-regulated ferric reductase associated with the absorption of dietary iron","volume":"291","author":"McKie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/41343","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of a mammalian proton-coupled metal-ion transporter","volume":"388","author":"Gunshin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.02.021","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia: a comprehensive review on iron absorption, bioavailability and emerging food fortification approaches","volume":"99","author":"Shubham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4101","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.4101","article-title":"Mechanisms of heme iron absorption: current questions and controversies","volume":"14","author":"West","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8652(200008)64:4<287::AID-AJH9>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Iron absorption and transport-an update","volume":"64","author":"Conrad","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Hematol."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1172","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.280.6.G1172","article-title":"Characterization of a human plasma membrane heme transporter in intestinal and hepatocyte cell lines","volume":"280","author":"Worthington","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(00)00120-0","article-title":"The effect of cysteine and 2,4-dinitrophenol on heme and nonheme absorption in a rat intestinal model","volume":"11","author":"Vaghefi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B36","first-page":"147","article-title":"Bioavailability of different iron compounds to fortify formulas and cereals: technological problems","author":"Hurrell","year":"1984","journal-title":"Iron Nutr Infancy Child"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.3.614","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, and bioavailability in rats of ferric phosphate nanoparticles","volume":"137","author":"Rohner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/50.1.129","article-title":"Iron fortification of flour with a complex ferric orthophosphate","volume":"50","author":"Hallberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/49.2.225","article-title":"Comparison of in vitro, animal, and clinical determinations of iron bioavailability: International Nutritional Anemia Consultative Group Task Force report on iron bioavailability","volume":"49","author":"Forbes","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1039\/a807820c","article-title":"Measurement of amorphous ferric phosphate to assess iron bioavailability in diets and diet ingredients","volume":"124","author":"Willis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Analyst."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.4.806S","article-title":"Fortification: overcoming technical and practical barriers","volume":"132","author":"Hurrell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.10.1.32","article-title":"Persorption of metallic iron particles","volume":"10","author":"Volkheimer","year":"1969","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B43","first-page":"119","article-title":"A morphological and microanalytical investigation into the uptake of particulate iron across the gastrointestinal tract of rats","volume":"27","author":"McCullough","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(01)00152-1","article-title":"Recent advances in the understanding of uptake of microparticulates across the gastrointestinal lymphatics","volume":"50","author":"Hussain","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/386410a0","article-title":"Biologically erodable microspheres as potential oral drug delivery systems","volume":"386","author":"Mathiowitz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3109\/10611869509015936","article-title":"Factors affecting the oral uptake and translocation of polystyrene nanoparticles: histological and analytical evidence","volume":"3","author":"Florence","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Drug Target."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G981","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00363.2005","article-title":"Iron imports. II. Iron uptake at the apical membrane in the intestine","volume":"289","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040359","article-title":"Mechanisms of iron uptake from ferric phosphate nanoparticles in human intestinal Caco-2 cells","volume":"9","author":"Perfecto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4716","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i35.4716","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms involved in intestinal iron absorption","volume":"13","author":"Sharp","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B50","first-page":"103","volume-title":"The Impact of Food Bioactives on Health: in vitro and ex vivo models","author":"Lea","year":"2015"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1114397","article-title":"Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel","volume":"311","author":"Nel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2005.04.015","article-title":"Transport of nanoparticles across an in vitro model of the human intestinal follicle associated epithelium","volume":"25","author":"des Rieux","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2010.01446.x","article-title":"Exposure assessment approaches for engineered nanomaterials","volume":"30","author":"Abbott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5577","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S36111","article-title":"The role of surface charge in cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of medical nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Fr\u00f6hlich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/54.4.723","article-title":"Assessment of dietary determinants of nonheme-iron absorption in humans and rats","volume":"54","author":"Reddy","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.201715","article-title":"A nanoparticulate ferritin-core mimetic is well taken up by HuTu 80 duodenal cells and its absorption in mice is regulated by body iron","volume":"144","author":"Latunde-Dada","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-008-8161-4","article-title":"Heme iron uptake by Caco-2 cells is a saturable, temperature sensitive and modulated by extracellular pH and potassium","volume":"125","author":"Arredondo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2717","article-title":"An in vitro digestion\/Caco-2 cell culture system accurately predicts the effects of ascorbic acid and polyphenolic compounds on iron bioavailability in humans","volume":"134","author":"Yun","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.5.1329","article-title":"Caco-2 cells can be used to assess human iron bioavailability from a semipurified meal","volume":"130","author":"Au","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831.77.2.107","article-title":"A comparison of physical properties, screening procedures and a human efficacy trial for predicting the bioavailability of commercial elemental iron powders used for food fortification","volume":"77","author":"Lynch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20041294","article-title":"Iron availability of a fortified processed wheat cereal: a comparison of fourteen iron forms using an in vitro digestion\/human colonic adenocarcinoma (CaCo-2) cell model","volume":"93","author":"Wortley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3546","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.11.3546","article-title":"Bioavailability of elemental iron powders to rats is less than bakery-grade ferrous sulfate and predicted by iron solubility and particle surface area","volume":"133","author":"Swain","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00154","article-title":"Biocompatible colloidal suspensions based on magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and toxicological profile","volume":"8","author":"Coricovac","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.4.936","article-title":"Iron in ferritin or in salts (ferrous sulfate) is equally bioavailable in nonanemic women","volume":"80","author":"Davila-Hicks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2008.12.001","article-title":"3D morphology of the human hepatic ferritin mineral core: new evidence for a subunit structure revealed by single particle analysis of HAADF-STEM images","volume":"166","author":"Pan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Struct Biol."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.145854","article-title":"Absorption of iron from ferritin is independent of heme iron and ferrous salts in women and rat intestinal segments","volume":"142","author":"Theil","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1039\/C8JA00364E","article-title":"Quantitative speciation analysis for the in vivo study of iron metabolism and bioavailability from formula milk fortified with stable isotope enriched iron oxo-hydroxide nanoparticles","volume":"34","author":"Alves Peixoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anal Spectrom."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2014.06.012","article-title":"Nanoparticulate iron(III) oxo-hydroxide delivers safe iron that is well absorbed and utilised in humans","volume":"10","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2013.12.011","article-title":"A nano-disperse ferritin-core mimetic that efficiently corrects anemia without luminal iron redox activity","volume":"10","author":"Powell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3671","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-251520","article-title":"Ferroportin mediates the intestinal absorption of iron from a nanoparticulate ferritin core mimetic in mice","volume":"28","author":"Aslam","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i14.2083","article-title":"Gastric digestion of pea ferritin and modulation of its iron bioavailability by ascorbic and phytic acids in caco-2 cells","volume":"13","author":"Bejjani","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.4.659","article-title":"Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells absorb soybean ferritin by mu2 (AP2)-dependent endocytosis","volume":"138","author":"San Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.5.878","article-title":"Ferritin-iron is released during boiling and in vitro gastric digestion","volume":"138","author":"Hoppler","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1039\/C1DT11205H","article-title":"A new approach to the ferritin iron core growth: influence of the H\/L ratio on the core shape","volume":"41","author":"L\u00f3pez-Castro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2017.1314035","article-title":"Iron phosphate nanoparticles for food fortification: biological effects in rats and human cell lines","volume":"11","author":"von Moos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B76","first-page":"1","article-title":"Iron nanoparticles as a promising compound for food fortification in iron deficiency anemia: a review","author":"Kumari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2018.06.017","article-title":"Searching for enhanced iron fortification of formula milk via nanoparticles and isotope pattern deconvolution","volume":"148","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Men\u00e9ndez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spectrochim Acta B Spectrosc"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201100334","article-title":"Nutritional iron supplementation studies based on enriched 57Fe, added to milk in rats, and isotope pattern deconvolution-ICP-MS analysis","volume":"33","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Iglesias","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.12866.2","article-title":"A novel nano-iron supplement to safely combat iron deficiency and anaemia in young children: the IHAT-GUT double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial protocol","volume":"2","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gates Open Res."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9020296","article-title":"Potential of nanomaterial applications in dietary supplements and foods for special medical purposes","volume":"9","author":"Jampilek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132212","article-title":"Iron, ferritin, and nutrition","volume":"24","author":"Theil","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000029","article-title":"Intestinal iron absorption: regulation by dietary & systemic factors","volume":"80","author":"Sharp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2008.04.003","article-title":"Receptor-mediated uptake of ferritin-bound iron by human intestinal Caco-2 cells","volume":"20","author":"Kalgaonkar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0361239","article-title":"The role of Dcytb in iron metabolism: an update","volume":"36","author":"McKie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1021\/cr00059a003","article-title":"Hydrolysis of inorganic iron(III) salts","volume":"84","author":"Flynn","year":"1984","journal-title":"Chem Rev."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-0134(99)00094-X","article-title":"Dietary minerals in the gastrointestinal tract: hydroxypolymerisation of aluminium is regulated by luminal mucins","volume":"75","author":"Powell","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Inorg Biochem"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1159\/000197299","article-title":"The iron-binding glycoprotein of human gastric juice. I. Isolation and characterization","volume":"8","author":"Rudzki","year":"1973","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01451","article-title":"Regulated portals of entry into the cell","volume":"422","author":"Conner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20031253","article-title":"Size-dependent internalization of particles via the pathways of clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis","volume":"377","author":"Rejman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22220","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M001478200","article-title":"Human NRAMP2\/DMT1, which mediates iron transport across endosomal membranes, is localized to late endosomes and lysosomes in HEp-2 cells","volume":"275","author":"Tabuchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1038\/35042073","article-title":"Iron homeostasis: insights from genetics and animal models","volume":"1","author":"Andrews","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00359.2005","article-title":"Divalent metal transporter 1 in the kidney proximal tubule is expressed in late endosomes\/lysosomal membranes: implications for renal handling of protein-metal complexes","volume":"290","author":"Abouhamed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol \u2013 Ren Physiol"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24356","article-title":"Slc11a2 is required for intestinal iron absorption and erythropoiesis but dispensable in placenta and liver","volume":"115","author":"Gunshin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6240","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO00703J","article-title":"Stabilization and delivery of bioavailable nanosized iron by fish sperm DNA","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajps.2013.07.001","article-title":"The endocytosis and intracellular fate of nanomedicines: implication for rational design","volume":"8","author":"Kou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B96","first-page":"51","article-title":"Endocytosis and exocytosis of nanoparticles in mammalian cells","volume":"9(suppl 1","author":"Oh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8513","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr488","article-title":"Enhanced translation by nucleolin via G-rich elements in coding and non-coding regions of target mRNAs","volume":"39","author":"Abdelmohsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13124","article-title":"C9orf72 nucleotide repeat structures initiate molecular cascades of disease","volume":"507","author":"Haeusler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.109.055947","article-title":"Plasma membrane nucleolin is a receptor for the anticancer aptamer AS1411 in MV4-11 leukemia cells","volume":"76","author":"Soundararajan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mt.6300365","article-title":"Cell surface nucleolin serves as receptor for DNA nanoparticles composed of pegylated polylysine and DNA","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Ther."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2017.1335615","article-title":"Nanotechnology towards prevention of anaemia and osteoporosis: from concept to market","volume":"31","author":"Shukla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B102","author":"EL-DIN","year":"2010"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B103","first-page":"339","article-title":"Iron nanoparticles and its potential application: a literature review","volume":"53","author":"Saha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Pharmacol."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7339","article-title":"Nanotoxicology: an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles","volume":"113","author":"Oberd\u00f6rster","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-3886(00)00087-4","article-title":"The importance of non-transferrin bound iron in disorders of iron metabolism","volume":"23","author":"Breuer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transfus Sci."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651053","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.651053","article-title":"Ferrite nanoparticles\u2013based reactive oxygen species\u2013mediated cancer therapy","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Chem."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B107","first-page":"S4","article-title":"Bioavailability of iron","volume":"51(suppl 1","author":"Hurrell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.216929","article-title":"Depletion of luminal iron alters the gut microbiota and prevents Crohn\u2019s disease\u2013like ileitis","volume":"60","author":"Werner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015362228659","article-title":"Dietary iron supplementation enhances DSS-induced colitis and associated colorectal carcinoma development in mice","volume":"47","author":"Seril","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.004564","article-title":"The effects of iron fortification on the gut microbiota in African children: a randomized controlled trial in Cote d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"92","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)67962-2","article-title":"Effects of routine prophylactic supplementation with iron and folic acid on admission to hospital and mortality in preschool children in a high malaria transmission setting: community-based, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"367","author":"Sazawal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31815b2d4b","article-title":"Elevated iron status strongly predicts mortality in West African adults with HIV infection","volume":"46","author":"McDermid","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02652.x","article-title":"Effects of ferrous sulphate and non-ionic iron-polymaltose complex on markers of oxidative tissue damage in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"22","author":"Erichsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/69.2.250","article-title":"Oral ferrous sulfate supplements increase the free radical\u2013generating capacity of feces from healthy volunteers","volume":"69","author":"Lund","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.111104","article-title":"Antioxidant-rich oral supplements attenuate the effects of oral iron on in situ oxidation susceptibility of human feces","volume":"140","author":"Orozco","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2014.01.007","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species\u2013related activities of nano-iron metal and nano-iron oxides","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3125","article-title":"Comparative toxicity of silicon dioxide, silver and iron oxide nanoparticles after repeated oral administration to rats","volume":"35","author":"Yun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Toxicol."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2010.79","article-title":"Iron from nanocompounds containing iron and zinc is highly bioavailable in rats without tissue accumulation","volume":"5","author":"Hilty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233719888077","article-title":"Investigation of the effect of magnetite iron oxide particles size on cytotoxicity in A549 cell line","volume":"35","author":"Rafieepour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol Ind Health."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2012.02.004","article-title":"Effect of submicron and nano-iron oxide particles on pulmonary immunity in mice","volume":"210","author":"Ban","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B121","author":"Coates","year":"2010"},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO00990A","article-title":"Probiotic\/prebiotic correction for adverse effects of iron fortification on intestinal resistance to Salmonella infection in weaning mice","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"2022081008010068400_nuac011-B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1021\/mp200628u","article-title":"Iron oxide\/hydroxide nanoparticles with negatively charged shells show increased uptake in Caco-2 cells","volume":"9","author":"Jahn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Pharm."}],"container-title":["Nutrition Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/article-pdf\/80\/9\/1974\/45288282\/nuac011.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/article-pdf\/80\/9\/1974\/45288282\/nuac011.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T04:02:12Z","timestamp":1660104132000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/article\/80\/9\/1974\/6545928"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuac011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0029-6643","1753-4887"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0029-6643","type":"print"},{"value":"1753-4887","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]}}}