{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T10:55:50Z","timestamp":1783421750254,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001275","name":"The Oak Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["OCAY-18\u2013774-OFIL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCAY-18\u2013774-OFIL"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Parker Institute\u2019s Section for Biostatistics and Evidence-Based Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There are contradictory findings about the relationship between various animal protein sources and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The purpose of our study was to understand better the associations between total protein, animal protein, and animal protein sources and the risk of developing GDM.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science encompassing the literature up until August 2022. A random-effects model was used to combine the data. For estimating the dose\u2013response curves, a one-stage linear mixed-effects meta-analysis was conducted.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Data Extraction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data related to the association between animal protein consumption and the risk of GDM in the general population was extracted from prospective cohort studies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Data Analysis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>It was determined that 17 prospective cohort studies with a total of 49\u2009120 participants met the eligibility criteria. It was concluded with high certainty of evidence that there was a significant association between dietary animal protein intake and GDM risk (1.94, 95% CI 1.42 to 2.65, n\u2009=\u20096). Moreover, a higher intake of total protein, total meat, and red meat was positively and significantly associated with an increased risk of GDM. The pooled relative risks of GDM were 1.50 (95% CI: 1.16, 1.94; n\u2009=\u20093) for a 30\u2009g\/d increment in processed meat, 1.68 (95% CI: 1.25, 2.24; n\u2009=\u20092) and 1.94 (95% CI: 1.41, 2.67; n\u2009=\u20094) for a 100\u2009g\/d increment in total and red meat, and 1.21 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.33; n\u2009=\u20094) and 1.32 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.52; n\u2009=\u20093) for a 5% increment in total protein and animal protein, respectively. GDM had a positive linear association with total protein, animal protein, total meat consumption, and red meat consumption, based on non-linear dose\u2013response analysis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overall, consuming more animal protein\u2013rich foods can increase the risk of GDM. The results from the current study need to be validated by other, well-designed prospective studies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022352303.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuad144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T23:03:33Z","timestamp":1702422213000},"page":"1460-1472","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Dose\u2013response association between animal protein sources and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7003-6787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sepide","family":"Talebi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran,","place":["Iran"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , 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Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina Mai","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Biostatistics and Evidence-Based Research, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital , Copenhagen,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Research Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital , Odense,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Talebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , 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