{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T06:55:07Z","timestamp":1790924107880,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,14]],"date-time":"2024-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000991","name":"Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000991","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Assessment for vitamin\u2009C deficiency (VCD) is rarely undertaken in an acute hospital setting in high-income countries. However, with growing interest in VCD in community settings, there is emerging evidence investigating the prevalence and impact of VCD during hospitalization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this scoping review, the prevalence of VCD in adult hospitalized patients is explored, patient characteristics are described, and risk factors and clinical outcomes associated with VCD are identified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic scoping review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR framework. The Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Scopus, CINAHL Plus, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched for interventional, comparative, and case-series studies that met eligibility criteria, including adult hospital inpatients in high-income countries, as defined by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, that reported VCD prevalence using World Health Organization reference standards. These standards define VCD deficiency as plasma or serum vitamin C level &amp;lt;11.4\u2009\u00b5mol\/L, wholeblood level &amp;lt;17\u2009\u00b5mol\/L, or leukocytes &amp;lt;57\u2009nmol\/108 cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-three articles were included, representing 22 studies. The cumulative prevalence of VCD was 27.7% (n\u2009=\u20092494; 95% confidence interval [CI], 21.3-34.0). High prevalence of VCD was observed in patients with severe acute illness and poor nutritional status. Scurvy was present in 48% to 62% of patients with VCD assessed in 2 studies (n\u2009=\u200971). Being retired (P\u2009=\u20090.015) and using excessive amounts of alcohol and tobacco (P\u2009=\u20090.0003) were independent risk factors for VCD (n\u2009=\u2009184). Age was not conclusively associated with VCD (n\u2009=\u2009631). Two studies examined nutrition associations (n\u2009=\u2009309); results were inconsistent. Clinical outcomes for VCD included increased risk of frailty (adjusted odds ratio, 4.3; 95%CI, 1.33\u201313.86; P\u2009=\u20090.015) and cognitive impairment (adjusted odds ratio, 2.93; 95%CI, 1.05\u20138.19, P\u2009=\u20090.031) (n\u2009=\u2009160).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>VCD is a nutritional challenge facing the healthcare systems of high-income countries. Research focused on early identification and treatment of patients with VCD is warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Open Science Framework ( https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/AJGHX ).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuad157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T03:55:19Z","timestamp":1701402919000},"page":"1605-1621","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of vitamin C deficiency in adult hospitalized patients in high-income countries: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3697-8182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet E","family":"Golder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Allied Health, Monash Health , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3830-5147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith D","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3336-1932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa A","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8383-9471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher N","family":"Lemoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Western Health , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0008-9020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone J","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6955-7689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoe E","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024101007510907800_nuad157-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2018.07.004","article-title":"Vitamin C deficiency in an Australian cohort of metropolitan surgical 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