{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:55:42Z","timestamp":1791942942436,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Context<\/jats:title>\n Intermittent dieting incorporated with break periods (INT-B) has recently been promoted as an alternative dietary approach for optimal weight management.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study assessed the effectiveness of INT-B compared with that of conventional continuous energy restriction (CER) for improving body composition and attenuating metabolic adaptation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n A systematic search was conducted on 6 databases using all available records until July 2023.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Data Extraction<\/jats:title>\n The extracted data included the lead author, year of publication, population characteristics, intervention protocols, duration, and adherence.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Data Analysis<\/jats:title>\n Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for within-group and between-group comparisons of anthropometric and metabolic outcomes. Subgroup moderator analysis was performed for the types of INT-B, intervention duration, and population characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Of the 1469 records, 12 randomized trials (with 881 participants) were included. Within-group analyses demonstrated significant improvements in body mass, fat mass, body mass index, body fat percentage, and waist circumference following both INT-B and CER, with no significant group differences. However, resting metabolic rate (RMR) was significantly reduced following CER only. The compensatory reduction in RMR was significantly smaller following INT-B compared with CER, suggesting a lesser degree of metabolic adaptation. INT-B had a more significant effect on RMR retention in individuals with overweight\/obesity compared with resistance-trained individuals.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n This review provides up-to-date evidence for INT-B as a viable dietary strategy to improve body composition and attenuate metabolic adaptation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023448959.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuad168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,16]],"date-time":"2023-12-16T07:49:36Z","timestamp":1702712976000},"page":"59-71","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effects of intermittent dieting with break periods on body composition and metabolic adaptation: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0842-1323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric Tsz-Chun","family":"Poon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin,","place":["Hong Kong"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaclyn Hei","family":"Tsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fitness Nutrition and Training Center , Sheungwan,","place":["Hong Kong"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fenghua","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong , Taipo,","place":["Hong Kong"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong , Taipo,","place":["Hong Kong"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen Heung-Sang","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin,","place":["Hong Kong"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12787","article-title":"Rationale for novel intermittent dieting strategies to attenuate adaptive responses to energy restriction","volume":"19","author":"Sainsbury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-022-01090-7","article-title":"Tissue losses and metabolic adaptations both contribute to the reduction in resting metabolic rate following weight loss","volume":"46","author":"Martin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.109","article-title":"Does metabolic compensation explain the majority of less-than-expected weight loss in obese adults during a short-term severe diet and exercise intervention?","volume":"36","author":"Byrne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-11-7","article-title":"Metabolic adaptation to weight loss: implications for the athlete","volume":"11","author":"Trexler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.206","article-title":"Intermittent energy restriction improves weight loss efficiency in obese men: the MATADOR study","volume":"42","author":"Byrne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3428","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac570","article-title":"Metabolic efficacy of time-restricted eating in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"107","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09524-w","article-title":"Effects of time-restricted feeding on body weight and metabolism. A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586036","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.586036","article-title":"Health effects of alternate-day fasting in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23568","article-title":"A meta-analysis comparing the effectiveness of alternate day fasting, the 5:2 diet, and time-restricted eating for weight loss","volume":"31","author":"Elortegui Pascual","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1748-4","article-title":"Intermittent versus continuous energy restriction on weight loss and cardiometabolic outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"16","author":"Cioffi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333150-00003","article-title":"A framework for understanding the training process leading to elite performance","volume":"33","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003583","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003583","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"18","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0000000000002636","article-title":"Continuous versus intermittent dieting for fat loss and fat-free mass retention in resistance-trained adults: the ICECAP trial","volume":"53","author":"Peos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.06.015","article-title":"The revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2) showed low interrater reliability and challenges in its application","volume":"126","author":"Minozzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e318250a287","article-title":"Short- and long-term effects of continuous versus intermittent restrictive diet approaches on body composition and the metabolic profile in overweight and obese postmenopausal women: a pilot study","volume":"19","author":"Arguin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802295","article-title":"Effect of intensive dietetic interventions on weight and glycaemic control in overweight men with Type II diabetes: a randomised trial","volume":"27","author":"Ash","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jfmk5010019","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk5010019","article-title":"Intermittent energy restriction attenuates the loss of fat free mass in resistance trained individuals. A randomized controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Campbell","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Funct Morphol Kinesiol"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B18","first-page":"447","article-title":"Calorie shifting diet versus calorie restriction diet: a comparative clinical trial study","volume":"5","author":"Davoodi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2022.08.030","article-title":"The effect of intermittent fasting diets on body weight and composition","volume":"51","author":"Erdem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0247-2","article-title":"Effect of intermittent compared to continuous energy restriction on weight loss and weight maintenance after 12 months in healthy overweight or obese adults","volume":"43","author":"Headland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/cob.12052","article-title":"Effects of intermittent compared to continuous energy restriction on short-term weight loss and long-term weight loss maintenance","volume":"4","author":"Keogh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Obes"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.5114\/jhk\/159960","article-title":"The effects of intermittent diet breaks during 25% energy restriction on body composition and resting metabolic rate in resistance-trained females: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"86","author":"Siedler","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hum Kinet"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2003.43","article-title":"Prescribed \"breaks\" as a means to disrupt weight control efforts","volume":"11","author":"Wing","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11645","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111645","article-title":"The comparison of the effects between continuous and intermittent energy restriction in short-term bodyweight loss for sedentary population: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B25","author":"Higgins","year":"2022"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2015.09.014","article-title":"Do intermittent diets provide physiological benefits over continuous diets for weight loss? A systematic review of clinical trials","volume":"418","author":"Seimon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8060354","article-title":"Weight-loss outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of intermittent energy restriction trials lasting a minimum of 6 months","volume":"8","author":"Headland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B28","volume-title":"ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription","author":"American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM","year":"2021","edition":"11th ed."},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee","article-title":"2013 AHA\/ACC\/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society","volume":"129","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000546","article-title":"Effectiveness of diet refeeds and diet breaks as a precontest strategy","volume":"42","author":"Escalante","year":"2020","journal-title":"Strength Condition J"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0247292","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247292","article-title":"A 1-week diet break improves muscle endurance during an intermittent dieting regime in adult athletes: a pre-specified secondary analysis of the ICECAP trial","volume":"16","author":"Peos","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.8.5.582","article-title":"Natural bodybuilding competition preparation and recovery: a 12-month case study","volume":"8","author":"Rossow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2017-0064","article-title":"Case study: unfavorable but transient physiological changes during contest preparation in a drug-free male bodybuilder","volume":"27","author":"Pardue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"key":"2024121109571517700_nuad168-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092576","article-title":"High-intensity interval training in patients with lifestyle-induced cardiometabolic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Weston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"}],"container-title":["Nutrition Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/article-pdf\/83\/1\/59\/61007502\/nuad168.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/article-pdf\/83\/1\/59\/61007502\/nuad168.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T10:10:56Z","timestamp":1733911856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/article\/83\/1\/59\/7513121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuad168","relation":{},"ISSN":["0029-6643","1753-4887"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0029-6643","type":"print"},{"value":"1753-4887","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]}}}