{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T02:48:29Z","timestamp":1789181309232,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":96,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010036","name":"Teesside University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010036","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fluoride can prevent dental caries by inhibiting demineralization and promoting remineralization of teeth while affecting the physiology of oral microbiota, thus inhibiting cellular enzymes. However, the effect of systemic fluoride on gut microbiota is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To explore the impacts of systemic fluoride on gut microbiota composition and abundance and associated functions such as gene and metabolic regulation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A systematic database search was conducted of MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL, and Embase to find articles on studies reporting the effects of fluoride on gut microbiota.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Data Extraction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Forty-nine studies were included (n\u2009=\u200942 in animals, 4 of humans, 3 in vitro studies) after screening for title, abstract, and full text using Covidence to check against eligibility criteria. Data were extracted using Covidence and study quality was assessed using the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool by 2 reviewers independently.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Data Analysis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Two human studies of dental fluorosis and 1 of patients with breast cancer (intestinal fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose uptake) showed significant differences in gut microbial composition, with increased relative abundance of Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria, and decreased abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. An ex vivo study of human feces indicated that \u2264\u20092\u2009mg L\u20131 NaF might boost \u201chealth-associated\u201d taxa, but concentrations (\u2265\u200910\u2009mg L\u20131 NaF) could increase the ratio of some unhealthy microbes after 24\u2009hours. The animal studies examined the effects of high fluoride doses in water and diet (50-1200 mg L\u20131 NaF) for long-term (1-6\u2009months) and short-term (6\u2009hours to 7\u2009days) exposure, with all showing a significant disturbance in the Firmicutes to Bacteroidota ratio.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In humans, high doses potentially may be detrimental to the microbiome, whereas \u2264\u20092\u2009mg L\u20131 NaF had positive effects. Similarly, in animals, \u2265\u200950\u2009mg L\u20131 NaF was unsafe, whereas \u2264\u200925\u2009mg L\u20131 NaF had harmless effects.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>PROSPERO registration No. CRD42022347357.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuae202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T15:43:25Z","timestamp":1741621405000},"page":"e1853-e1880","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effect of Fluoride on Gut Microbiota: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2434-9533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Momina","family":"Yasin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University , Middlesbrough TS1 3BX,","place":["United 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