{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T22:07:44Z","timestamp":1784153264842,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Migraines are a prevalent neurological condition that significantly impacts the quality of life. Although narrative reviews and clinical trials suggest the potential effects of fatty acid supplementation as a promising approach for migraine prophylaxis, the findings remain inconsistent.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim was to evaluate the efficacy of fatty acid supplementation on migraine clinical outcomes through a systematic review and meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using electronic databases including Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL from their inception up to October 7, 2024.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Data Extraction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Studies meeting the PICOS criteria were included: adults diagnosed with migraine, dietary supplementation with fatty acids, assessing migraine clinical outcomes, and only randomized controlled trials. Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed independently by 2 reviewers using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Data Analysis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Meta-analyses were conducted using Review Manager software. A random-effects model was applied to account for heterogeneity among studies. A standardized mean difference (SMD) of 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 was interpreted as small, moderate, and large effects, respectively. Six randomized controlled trials, including 407 participants with chronic migraines, were analyzed. Interventions varied, including omega-3 supplementation with or without omega-6 restriction, lasting from 8 to 16\u2009weeks, and 1 trial assessing alpha-lipoic acid. The overall risk of bias was assessed as low. The pooled analysis demonstrated significant reductions in headache intensity (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u20131.77; 95% CI: \u20133.32 to \u20130.21; P\u2009=\u2009.03), headache duration (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u20130.77; 95% CI: \u20131.05 to \u20130.50; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.00001), headache frequency (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u20131.91; 95% CI: \u20132.61 to \u20131.21; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.00001), and HIT-6 score (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u20132.44; 95% CI: \u20134.13 to \u20130.76; P\u2009=\u2009.004).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This meta-analysis provides moderate evidence that fatty acid supplementation, particularly omega-3, improves migraine clinical outcomes. Additional high-quality, randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings, particularly for the promising effects of alpha-lipoic acid.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>PROSPERO registration no. CRD42024592084.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuae219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T23:27:08Z","timestamp":1734478028000},"page":"1621-1630","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Impact of Fatty Acid Supplementation on Migraine Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2689-1767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez-de-Sevilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Europea de Madrid, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Sports, 28670 Villaviciosa de od\u00f3n, Madrid,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7215-3925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-de-la-Flor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Europea de Madrid, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Sports, 28670 Villaviciosa de od\u00f3n, Madrid,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202","article-title":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition","volume":"38","author":"Olesen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/S41598-021-04397-Z","article-title":"The beneficial effect of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation as a potential adjunct treatment in episodic migraines","volume":"12","author":"Kelishadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871187","DOI":"10.3389\/FNEUR.2022.871187\/FULL","article-title":"Medical cannabis for the treatment of migraine in adults: a review of the evidence","volume":"13","author":"Okusanya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/S10194-021-01271-1","article-title":"Migraine and neuroinflammation: the inflammasome perspective","volume":"22","author":"Kursun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8929","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168929","article-title":"Role of neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier permutability on migraine","volume":"22","author":"Yamanaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/S10194-023-01594-1","article-title":"The comparative effectiveness of migraine preventive drugs: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Lampl","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4466","DOI":"10.3390\/IJERPH20054466","article-title":"Physical therapy in tension-type headache: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"20","author":"Repiso-Guarde\u00f1o","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/S10194-022-01503-Y","article-title":"What is the efficacy of aerobic exercise versus strength training in the treatment of migraine? A systematic review and network meta-analysis of clinical trials","volume":"23","author":"Woldeamanuel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1159\/000534653","article-title":"Effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction as a nondrug preventive intervention in patients with migraine: a systematic review with meta-analyses","volume":"30","author":"Prohaska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Complement Med Res"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e039358","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJOPEN-2020-039358","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10 supplementation for prophylaxis in adult patients with migraine\u2014a meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Sazali","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2021.1904542","article-title":"Effect of vitamin B2 supplementation on migraine prophylaxis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000419","article-title":"The efficacy of vitamin D supplementation for migraine: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1111\/HEAD.13836","article-title":"The role of diet and nutrition in migraine triggers and treatment: a systematic literature review","volume":"60","author":"Hindiyeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366372","DOI":"10.3389\/FNEUR.2024.1366372","article-title":"Neuroimmunological effects of omega-3 fatty acids on migraine: a review","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1186\/S13018-023-03855-W","article-title":"Effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation for patients with osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4221","DOI":"10.3390\/NU13124221","article-title":"Effect of anti-inflammatory diets on pain in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Sch\u00f6nenberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104462","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PHRS.2019.104462","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation and oxidative stress parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials","volume":"149","author":"Heshmati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/S10194-019-1060-6","article-title":"Consensus of the Hellenic Headache Society on the diagnosis and treatment of migraine","volume":"20","author":"Kouremenos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"N 1448","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJ.N1448","article-title":"Dietary alteration of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for headache reduction in adults with migraine: randomized controlled trial","volume":"374","author":"Ramsden","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604.ch10","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","author":"Deeks","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2016.1266133","article-title":"A double- blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled clinical trial with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (OPFA \u0277-3) for the prevention of migraine in chronic migraine patients using amitriptyline","volume":"21","author":"Soares","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231054","DOI":"10.3389\/FPAIN.2023.1231054","article-title":"Dietary fatty acids improve perceived sleep quality, stress, and health in migraine: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Faurot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pain Res (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BBI.2024.03.019","article-title":"A 12-week randomized double-blind clinical trial of eicosapentaenoic acid intervention in episodic migraine","volume":"118","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PAIN.2013.07.028","article-title":"Targeted alteration of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for the treatment of chronic headaches: a randomized trial","volume":"154","author":"Ramsden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.3390\/METABO13060690","article-title":"Associations between plasma lipid mediators and chronic daily headache outcomes in patients randomized to a low linoleic acid diet with or without added omega-3 fatty acids","volume":"13","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1093\/BRAIN\/AWV359","article-title":"Migraine induced by hypoxia: an MRI spectroscopy and angiography study","volume":"139","author":"Arngrim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MOLCEL.2010.09.022","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factors and the response to hypoxic stress","volume":"40","author":"Majmundar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4274\/TND.2018.81904","article-title":"Correlations between endothelial dysfunction and cerebral imaging in migraine","volume":"25","author":"Sa\u00e7mac\u0131","year":"2019","journal-title":"TND"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1002\/PTR.6959","article-title":"The effect of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on endothelial function: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Jalilpiran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4543","DOI":"10.1038\/S41598-021-84102-2","article-title":"Mitochondrial function and oxidative stress markers in higher-frequency episodic migraine","volume":"11","author":"Gross","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.3389\/FPHAR.2019.01022","article-title":"N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the resolution of neuroinflammation","volume":"10","author":"Joffre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JPAIN.2015.04.007","article-title":"Diet-induced changes in n-3- and n-6-derived endocannabinoids and reductions in headache pain and psychological distress","volume":"16","author":"Ramsden","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JPAIN.2020.09.001","article-title":"Molecular pathways linking oxylipins to nociception in rats","volume":"22","author":"Domenichiello","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BBALIP.2018.03.012","article-title":"The oxidized linoleic acid metabolite 12,13-DiHOME mediates thermal hyperalgesia during inflammatory pain","volume":"1863","author":"Zimmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102412451360","article-title":"Prostaglandin E(2) induces immediate migraine-like attack in migraine patients without aura","volume":"32","author":"Antonova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"2025081220071775900_nuae219-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/NM.2123","article-title":"Resolvins RvE1 and RvD1 attenuate inflammatory pain via central and peripheral actions","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Med"}],"container-title":["Nutrition Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/article-pdf\/83\/9\/1621\/61489431\/nuae219.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/article-pdf\/83\/9\/1621\/61489431\/nuae219.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:07:25Z","timestamp":1755043645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/article\/83\/9\/1621\/7959783"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuae219","relation":{},"ISSN":["0029-6643","1753-4887"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0029-6643","type":"print"},{"value":"1753-4887","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]}}}