{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T12:16:58Z","timestamp":1780316218240,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":302,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["108065\/Z\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108065\/Z\/15\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR302820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR302820"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Stunting affects approximately one-quarter of children worldwide. While the majority of these children live in Africa and Asia, a social gradient in height exists within high-income countries (HICs). In contrast to the coordinated focus on stunting in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), linear growth is not a public health priority in high-income settings. We reviewed the literature on relationships between linear growth and cardiometabolic outcomes (coronary heart disease [CHD], overweight\/obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes) and neurocognitive outcomes. We take a life-course approach, and use the \u201ccapacity load\u201d model as a framework for understanding why stunting is associated with adverse cardiometabolic outcomes. We focus on the literature from HICs, but data from LMICs are included for context. Analysis of birth cohorts in high-, middle-, and low-income countries has consistently demonstrated relationships between early-life linear growth and downstream cardiometabolic and neurocognitive outcomes. These findings have been reinforced more recently by trial data. Birth size is associated with CHD, obesity, and type 2 diabetes, and with hypertension when small birth size is followed by accelerated postnatal growth. The patterns of postnatal linear growth associated with outcomes in adulthood are complex and context-dependent; both stunting and rapid linear growth in childhood are associated with cardiometabolic disease. We interpret these findings using the capacity-load model, a conceptual framework that describes the interactions between metabolic homeostatic capacity and metabolic load in shaping CHD risk. The strength and consistency of longitudinal associations between linear growth and several long-term deleterious outcomes across multiple settings and time points are striking. Future research should investigate both causal pathways and the potential for using height and growth velocity as markers for identifying children at increased risk of lifelong decrements in educational or cardiometabolic health outcomes who could benefit from early intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T08:01:19Z","timestamp":1747123279000},"page":"981-1001","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Impact of Early-Life Growth on Long-Term\u00a0Cardiometabolic and Neurocognitive Outcomes in High-Income Countries: A Neglected Public Health Problem"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5114-7059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Freer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London , London,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4749-9139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Orr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London , London,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0411-8025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan C K","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Population, Policy & Practice Department, University College London , London,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7904-7992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J","family":"Prendergast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London , London,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research , Harare,","place":["Zimbabwe"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B1","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0142-x","article-title":"The capacity-load model of non-communicable disease risk: understanding the effects of child malnutrition, ethnicity and the social determinants of health","volume":"72","author":"Wells","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B3","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003760","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003760","article-title":"Regional differences in short stature in England between 2006 and 2019: a cross-sectional analysis from the National Child Measurement Programme","volume":"18","author":"Orr","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1179\/2046905514Y.0000000158","article-title":"The stunting syndrome in developing countries","volume":"34","author":"Prendergast","year":"2014","journal-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B6","author":"Institute of Health Equality","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B7","volume-title":"Disparities in the Use of New Diabetes Medications: Widening Treatment Inequality by Race and Insurance Coverage","author":"Ding","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","article-title":"Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029652","article-title":"socioeconomic status and cardiovascular outcomes: challenges and interventions","volume":"137","author":"Schultz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F11","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.090308","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in very preterm birth rates","volume":"92","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.014","article-title":"Association of neighborhood context with offspring risk of preterm birth and low birthweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies","volume":"153","author":"Ncube","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckad184","article-title":"Social inequalities in the risk of giving birth to a small for gestational age child in Sweden 2010-16: a cross-sectional study adopting an intersectional approach","volume":"34","author":"Axelsson Fisk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0209170","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209170","article-title":"Poverty and a child's height development during early childhood: a double disadvantage? A study of the 2006-2009 birth cohorts in Flanders","volume":"14","author":"Van Rossem","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-4099","article-title":"Childhood social disadvantage and pubertal timing: a National Birth Cohort from Australia","volume":"139","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.1.185","article-title":"Early environment and child-to-adult growth trajectories in the 1958 British birth cohort","volume":"80","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl160","article-title":"Effects of socioeconomic change from birth to early adulthood on height and overweight","volume":"35","author":"Barros","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxm001","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and obesity","volume":"29","author":"McLaren","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508190304","article-title":"Short stature and obesity: Positive association in adults but inverse association in children and adolescents","volume":"102","author":"Bosy-Westphal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.2.521S","article-title":"Growth and pubertal development in children and adolescents: effects of diet and physical activity","volume":"72","author":"Rogol","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.tb02376.x","article-title":"Assessment of differences in linear growth among populations in the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study","volume":"450","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Suppl"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.01.011","article-title":"The INTERGROWTH-21","volume":"218","author":"Papageorghiou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E473","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-1519","article-title":"Worldwide timing of growth faltering: revisiting implications for interventions","volume":"125","author":"Victora","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-015-0458-9","article-title":"Using height-for-age differences (HAD) instead of height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) for the meaningful measurement of population-level catch-up in linear growth in children less than 5 years of age","volume":"15","author":"Leroy","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30244-5","article-title":"Beyond wasted and stunted-a major shift to fight child undernutrition","volume":"3","author":"Wells","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys082","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Young Lives Study","volume":"42","author":"Barnett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20998","article-title":"Growth patterns in early childhood and final attained stature: data from five birth cohorts from low- and middle-income countries","volume":"22","author":"Stein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B27","first-page":"S45","article-title":"Reversibility of stunting: epidemiological findings in children from developing countries","volume":"48","author":"Martorell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.06.034","article-title":"Catch-up growth of supine length\/height of very low birth weight, small for gestational age preterm infants to adulthood","volume":"147","author":"Brandt","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(97)70316-0","article-title":"Effects of intrauterine growth retardation in premature infants on early childhood growth","volume":"130","author":"Strauss","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy091","article-title":"Catch-up growth in full-term small for gestational age infants: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Campisi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2018-0239","article-title":"Identification of growth patterns of preterm and small-for-gestational age children from birth to 4 years\u2014do they catch up?","volume":"47","author":"Olbertz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e640","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3379","article-title":"Preterm birth and body composition at term equivalent age: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"130","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13128","article-title":"Postnatal growth in preterm infants and later health outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"104","author":"Ong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1159\/000161862","article-title":"Growth of preterm born children","volume":"70","author":"Euser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(89)90710-1","article-title":"Weight in infancy and death from ischaemic heart disease","volume":"2","author":"Barker","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7292.949","article-title":"Early growth and coronary heart disease in later life: longitudinal study","volume":"322","author":"Eriksson","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)03482-4","article-title":"Birthweight, body-mass index in middle age, and incident coronary heart disease","volume":"348","author":"Frankel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7153.241","article-title":"Reduced fetal growth rate and increased risk of death from ischaemic heart disease: cohort study of 15 000 Swedish men and women born 1915-29","volume":"317","author":"Leon","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009881","article-title":"Birth weight and length as predictors for adult height","volume":"149","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e007308","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-007308","article-title":"Perinatal risk factors for premature ischaemic heart disease in a Swedish national cohort","volume":"5","author":"Z\u00f6ller","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.710715","article-title":"Perinatal risk factors for ischemic heart disease: disentangling the roles of birth weight and preterm birth","volume":"117","author":"Kaijser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr230","article-title":"On the pitfalls of adjusting for gestational age at birth","volume":"174","author":"Wilcox","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac223","article-title":"Birth weight, gestational age, and risk of cardiovascular disease in early adulthood: influence of familial factors","volume":"192","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.34.1.23","article-title":"A prospective study of the development of coronary heart disease in a group of 1202 middle-aged men","volume":"34","author":"Greig","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1984.tb12901.x","article-title":"Height, weight and mortality. The Norwegian experience","volume":"679","author":"Waaler","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand suppl"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(85)90035-8","article-title":"Socio-economic conditions in childhood and mortality and morbidity caused by coronary heart disease in adulthood in rural Finland","volume":"21","author":"Notkola","year":"1985","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060111","article-title":"Height: a risk marker for ischaemic heart disease: prospective results from the Caerphilly and Speedwell Heart Disease Studies","volume":"13","author":"Yarnell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.88.4.1437","article-title":"Height and incidence of cardiovascular disease in male physicians","volume":"88","author":"Hebert","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.54.2.97","article-title":"Height and risk of death among men and women: aetiological implications of associations with cardiorespiratory disease and cancer mortality","volume":"54","author":"Davey Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/27.6.970","article-title":"Short stature and cardiovascular disease among men and women from two southeastern New England communities","volume":"27","author":"Parker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1404881","article-title":"Genetically determined height and coronary artery disease","volume":"372","author":"Nelson","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2000.00747.x","article-title":"Short stature and coronary heart disease: a 35-year follow-up of the Finnish cohorts of The Seven Countries Study","volume":"248","author":"Fors\u00e9n","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq155","article-title":"Short stature is associated with coronary heart disease: a systematic review of the literature and a meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Paajanen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E 049122","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049122","article-title":"Loss of height predicts total and cardiovascular mortality: a cohort study of northern European women","volume":"11","author":"Klingberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.49.1.5","article-title":"Adult height and mortality in London: early life, socioeconomic confounding, or shrinkage?","volume":"49","author":"Leon","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.55.12.867","article-title":"Leg length, insulin resistance, and coronary heart disease risk: the Caerphilly Study","volume":"55","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2003.019950","article-title":"Associations of components of adult height with coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women: the British Women's Heart and Health Study","volume":"90","author":"Lawlor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-008-0119-8","article-title":"Lower-limb growth: how predictable are predictions?","volume":"2","author":"Kelly","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Child Orthop"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl130","article-title":"Are infant size and growth related to burden of disease in adulthood? A systematic review of literature","volume":"35","author":"Fisher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13276","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13276","article-title":"Associations between body mass index and height during childhood and adolescence and the risk of coronary heart disease in adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Meyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj081","article-title":"Association between height and coronary heart disease mortality: a prospective study of 35,000 twin pairs","volume":"163","author":"Silventoinen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv074","article-title":"Adult height, coronary heart disease and stroke: a multi-locus Mendelian randomization meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"N\u00fcesch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1010193","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1010193","article-title":"A multi-population phenome-wide association study of genetically-predicted height in the Million Veteran Program","volume":"18","author":"Raghavan","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0361-2","article-title":"Mendelian randomisation analyses find pulmonary factors mediate the effect of height on coronary artery disease","volume":"2","author":"Marouli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-7-17","article-title":"Boys are more stunted than girls in sub-Saharan Africa: a meta-analysis of 16 demographic and health surveys","volume":"7","author":"Wamani","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7222.1403","article-title":"Growth in utero and during childhood among women who develop coronary heart disease: longitudinal study","volume":"319","author":"Fors\u00e9n","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.90.1.20","article-title":"Growth of girls who later develop coronary heart disease","volume":"90","author":"Fors\u00e9n","year":"2004","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7240.967","article-title":"Association between postnatal catch-up growth and obesity in childhood: prospective cohort study","volume":"320","author":"Ong","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199511000-00017","article-title":"Growth in full-term small-for-gestational-age infants: from birth to final height","volume":"38","author":"Karlberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60103-8","article-title":"Associations of linear growth and relative weight gain during early life with adult health and human capital in countries of low and middle income: findings from five birth cohort studies","volume":"382","author":"Adair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04004-6","article-title":"Early nutrition in preterm infants and later blood pressure: two cohorts after randomised trials","volume":"357","author":"Singhal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16210-7","article-title":"Early origins of cardiovascular disease: is there a unifying hypothesis?","volume":"363","author":"Singhal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.617811","article-title":"Promotion of faster weight gain in infants born small for gestational age: is there an adverse effect on later blood pressure?","volume":"115","author":"Singhal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy101","article-title":"Perspective: What does stunting really mean? A critical review of the evidence","volume":"10","author":"Leroy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044160","article-title":"Trajectories of growth among children who have coronary events as adults","volume":"353","author":"Barker","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12895-4","article-title":"Low nutrient intake and early growth for later insulin resistance in adolescents born preterm","volume":"361","author":"Singhal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000118500.23649.DF","article-title":"Is slower early growth beneficial for long-term cardiovascular health?","volume":"109","author":"Singhal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2010.113068","article-title":"Socioeconomic differences in childhood growth trajectories: at what age do height inequalities emerge?","volume":"66","author":"Howe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.21100","article-title":"The thrifty phenotype: an adaptation in growth or metabolism?","volume":"23","author":"Wells","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511972959","volume-title":"The Metabolic Ghetto: An Evolutionary Perspective on Nutrition, Power Relations and Chronic Disease","author":"Wells","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801153380307","article-title":"Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators","volume":"338","author":"McEwen","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.303007","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in low birth weight in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia","volume":"106","author":"Martinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2021-218112","article-title":"Household income, fetal size and birth weight: an analysis of eight populations","volume":"76","author":"Turner","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-013-9847-2","article-title":"Quantifying the contributions of behavioral and biological risk factors to socioeconomic disparities in coronary heart disease incidence: the MORGEN study","volume":"28","author":"Kershaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665109001086","article-title":"Historical cohort studies and the early origins of disease hypothesis: Making sense of the evidence","volume":"68","author":"Wells","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30572-X","article-title":"Evolutionary public health: Introducing the concept","volume":"390","author":"Wells","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B87","volume-title":"The Evolution of Life Histories.","author":"Stearns","year":"1992"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5494.1166","article-title":"Survival for immunity: the price of immune system activation for bumblebee workers","volume":"290","author":"Moret","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00325","article-title":"Life history transitions at the origins of agriculture: a model for understanding how niche construction impacts human growth, demography and health","volume":"11","author":"Wells","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eoac023","article-title":"Implications of leg length for metabolic health and fitness","volume":"10","author":"Shirley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evol Med Public Health"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0291-y","article-title":"Associations of stunting at 2 years with body composition and blood pressure at 8 years of age: longitudinal cohort analysis from lowland Nepal","volume":"73","author":"Wells","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.307.6918.1524","article-title":"Growth in utero and serum cholesterol concentrations in adult life","volume":"307","author":"Barker","year":"1993","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn012","article-title":"Growth before 2 years of age and serum lipids 60 years later: the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study","volume":"37","author":"Kajantie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.302572","article-title":"Body mass index and height from infancy to adulthood and carotid intima-media thickness at 60 to 64 years in the 1946 British Birth Cohort Study","volume":"34","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/18.3.602","article-title":"Short stature, lung function and risk of a heart attack","volume":"18","author":"Walker","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.06.049","article-title":"Declining lung function and cardiovascular risk: the ARIC study","volume":"72","author":"Silvestre","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00272","article-title":"Associations among lung function, arterial elasticity, and circulating endothelial and inflammation markers: the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"61","author":"Duprez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.00904.x","article-title":"Low birth weight and the developing vascular tree: a systematic review","volume":"97","author":"Norman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2011.01255.x","article-title":"Time trends in socio-economic factors and risk of hospitalisation with infectious diseases in pre-school children 1985-2004: a Danish register-based study","volume":"26","author":"Biering-S\u00f8rensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313591","article-title":"Immunity and Inflammation in atherosclerosis","volume":"124","author":"Wolf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.02.024","article-title":"Causal pathways from enteropathogens to environmental enteropathy: findings from the MAL-ED birth cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Kosek","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.04.003","article-title":"Immune dysfunction as a cause and consequence of malnutrition","volume":"37","author":"Bourke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1159\/000096087","article-title":"Unique deletion in exon 5 of SHOX gene in a patient with idiopathic short stature","volume":"67","author":"Shanske","year":"2007","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2008.6","article-title":"Expression of the high-affinity IgG receptor FcRI (CD64) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a new biomarker for gastroenterologic diagnostics","volume":"104","author":"Tillinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-012-0378-8","article-title":"Involvement of genes related to inflammation and cell cycle in idiopathic short stature","volume":"16","author":"Trovato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s12199-016-0538-y","article-title":"Short stature is an inflammatory disadvantage among middle-aged Japanese men","volume":"21","author":"Shimizu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932007002490","article-title":"Association between age at menarche and early-life nutritional status in rural Bangladesh","volume":"40","author":"Bosch","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biosoc Sci"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-00716-1","article-title":"Stunting in infancy, pubertal trajectories and adult body composition: the Birth to Twenty Plus cohort, South Africa","volume":"75","author":"Chidumwa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11208","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11208","article-title":"Puberty timing associated with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and also diverse health outcomes in men and women: the UK Biobank study","volume":"5","author":"Day","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2013.852347","article-title":"Early peak height velocity and cardiovascular disease mortality among Icelandic women","volume":"45","author":"Imai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4953","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1789","article-title":"Early age at menarche associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality","volume":"94","author":"Lakshman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9051791","article-title":"Is early puberty triggered by catch-up growth following undernutrition?","volume":"9","author":"Proos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010077","article-title":"Influence of perinatal factors on the onset of puberty in boys and girls: implications for interpretation of link with risk of long term diseases","volume":"150","author":"Persson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1991.tb11960.x","article-title":"Menarcheal age and growth pattern of Indian girls adopted in Sweden. I. Menarcheal age","volume":"80","author":"Proos","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02810420","article-title":"Menarcheal age and growth pattern of Indian girls adopted in Sweden. II. Catch-up growth and final height","volume":"58","author":"Proos","year":"1991","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B116","first-page":"646","article-title":"Growth & development of Indian children adopted in Sweden","volume":"130","author":"Proos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040132","article-title":"Earlier mother's age at menarche predicts rapid infancy growth and childhood obesity","volume":"4","author":"Ong","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310475","article-title":"Early puberty in 11-year-old girls: Millennium Cohort Study findings","volume":"102","author":"Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s11113-017-9441-5","article-title":"Race disparities in pubertal timing: implications for cardiovascular disease risk among African American women","volume":"36","author":"Bleil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Popul Res Policy Rev"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460701747176","article-title":"Differences in the physical growth of US-born Black and White children and adolescents ages 2-19, born 1942-2002","volume":"35","author":"Komlos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200102000-00019","article-title":"BMI in childhood and its association with height gain, timing of puberty, and final height","volume":"49","author":"He","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4691-z","article-title":"Childhood obesity and adult cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Umer","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B123","author":"Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/NT.0000000000000092","article-title":"Body mass index: obesity, BMI, and health: a critical review","volume":"50","author":"Nuttall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr Today"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys026","article-title":"Stunting and obesity in childhood: a reassessment using longitudinal data from South Africa","volume":"41","author":"Tim\u00e6us","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/26.9.926","article-title":"Growth of children from extremely poor families","volume":"26","author":"Adrianzen","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107s","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00453.x","article-title":"Obesity and malnutrition in a Shantytown population in the city of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"3","author":"Sawaya","year":"1995","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7024.156","article-title":"Fetal growth and cardiovascular risk factors in Jamaican schoolchildren","volume":"312","author":"Forrester","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.26719\/2009.15.3.549","article-title":"Stunting is a major risk factor for overweight: Results from national surveys in 5 Arab countries","volume":"15","author":"El Taguri","year":"2009","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/126.12.3009","article-title":"Stunting is associated with overweight in children of four nations that are undergoing the nutrition transition","volume":"126","author":"Popkin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz157","article-title":"Height trajectory during early childhood is inversely associated with fat mass in later childhood in Mexican boys","volume":"149","author":"Barrios","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.192","article-title":"Associations of birth weight, linear growth and relative weight gain throughout life with abdominal fat depots in adulthood: the 1982 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study","volume":"40","author":"Ara\u00fajo de Fran\u00e7a","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1079\/phn2002275","article-title":"The effects of birth weight and postnatal linear growth retardation on body mass index, fatness and fat distribution in mid and late childhood","volume":"5","author":"Walker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22413","article-title":"The consequences of linear growth stunting: influence on body composition among youth in the Bolivian Amazon","volume":"153","author":"Tanner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802409","article-title":"Birth size, early childhood growth, and adolescent obesity in a Brazilian birth cohort","volume":"27","author":"Monteiro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507433025","article-title":"Undernutrition in early life and body composition of adolescent males from a birth cohort study","volume":"97","author":"Gigante","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601121","article-title":"Relationship between stunting in infancy and growth and fat distribution during adolescence in Senegalese girls","volume":"55","author":"B\u00e9n\u00e9fice","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009784","article-title":"Infant and child growth and fatness and fat distribution in Guatemalan adults","volume":"149","author":"Schroeder","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803383","article-title":"The association between early childhood stunting and weight status in late adolescence","volume":"31","author":"Walker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2005.17","article-title":"Stunting at 2 years in relation to body composition at 9 years in African urban children","volume":"13","author":"Cameron","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1079\/bjn20041274","article-title":"Stunted children gain less lean body mass and more fat mass than their non-stunted counterparts: a prospective study","volume":"92","author":"Martins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1073-4","article-title":"Height-obesity relationship in school children in sub-Saharan Africa: results of a cross-sectional study in Cameroon","volume":"8","author":"Navti","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym010","article-title":"Size at birth, infant, early and later childhood growth and adult body composition: a prospective study in a stunted population","volume":"36","author":"Corval\u00e1n","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1363769","article-title":"Risk factors for the delivery of macrosomic infants at the University Hospital of the West Indies","volume":"31","author":"Richardson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B145","first-page":"23SS","article-title":"Prevalence of growth stunting and obesity: Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System, 1982","volume":"32","author":"Trowbridge","year":"1983","journal-title":"MMWR CDC Surveill Summ"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S1570-677X(02)00032-1","article-title":"Economic and anthropological assessments of the health of children in Maya immigrant families in the US","volume":"1","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Econ Hum Biol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6300(199909\/10)11:5<673::AID-AJHB10>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Weight, stature, and body mass index data for Mexican Americans from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988-1994)","volume":"11","author":"Ryan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.200","article-title":"Associations of infant feeding and timing of linear growth and relative weight gain during early life with childhood body composition","volume":"39","author":"de Beer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.6.1760","article-title":"Postnatal weight and height growth velocities at different ages between birth and 5 y and body composition in adolescent boys and girls","volume":"87","author":"Botton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.11.012","article-title":"Risk factors for childhood obesity in the first 1,000 days: a systematic review","volume":"50","author":"Woo Baidal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801861","article-title":"Birth weight, childhood growth and abdominal obesity in adult life","volume":"26","author":"Kuh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1159\/000342564","article-title":"Growth trajectories associated with adult obesity","volume":"106","author":"Rolland-Cachera","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Rev Nutr Diet"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23540","article-title":"The new \u201cobstetrical dilemma\u201d: stunting, obesity and the risk of obstructed labour","volume":"300","author":"Wells","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anat Rec (Hoboken)"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47776","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047776","article-title":"Birth weight and long-term overweight risk: systematic review and a meta-analysis including 643,902 persons from 66 studies and 26 countries globally","volume":"7","author":"Schellong","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002054","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGEN.117.002054","article-title":"Birthweight, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease: addressing the Barker hypothesis with Mendelian randomization","volume":"11","author":"Zanetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Genom Precis Med"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.359","article-title":"The interaction of childhood height and childhood BMI in the prediction of young adult BMI","volume":"16","author":"Stovitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.131","article-title":"Velocities of weight, height and fat mass gain during potentially critical periods of growth are decisive for adult body composition","volume":"69","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801581","article-title":"BMI rebound, childhood height and obesity among adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study","volume":"25","author":"Freedman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E23","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.2.e23","article-title":"Relation of childhood height to obesity among adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study","volume":"109","author":"Freedman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7325.1331","article-title":"Fetal and early life growth and body mass index from birth to early adulthood in 1958 British cohort: longitudinal study","volume":"323","author":"Parsons","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.238","article-title":"Patterns of linear growth and skeletal maturation from birth to 18 years of age in overweight young adults","volume":"36","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.57.12.969","article-title":"Combination of low birth weight and high adult body mass index: at what age is it established and what are its determinants?","volume":"57","author":"Power","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018000460","article-title":"The influence of stunting on obesity in adulthood: results from the EPIPorto cohort","volume":"21","author":"Henriques","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-019-0259-0","article-title":"Infant growth and long-term cardiometabolic health: a review of recent findings","volume":"8","author":"Woo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Rep"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5701.74","article-title":"Follow-up study of physical growth of children who had excessive weight gain in first six months of life","volume":"2","author":"Eid","year":"1970","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2011.167","article-title":"Crossing growth percentiles in infancy and risk of obesity in childhood","volume":"165","author":"Taveras","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2008.00944.x","article-title":"Associations of birthweight and infant growth with body composition at age 15\u2014the COMPASS study","volume":"22","author":"Eriksson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.2.194","article-title":"Infant weight gain and childhood overweight status in a multicenter, cohort study","volume":"109","author":"Stettler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.2673","article-title":"Association between fat mass in early life and later fat mass trajectories","volume":"174","author":"de Fluiter","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e141","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.253","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in infant body composition: association with childhood obesity","volume":"9","author":"Koontz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2489","article-title":"Infancy weight gain predicts childhood body fat and age at menarche in girls","volume":"94","author":"Ong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.2.324","article-title":"Upward weight percentile crossing in infancy and early childhood independently predicts fat mass in young adults: the Stockholm Weight Development Study (SWEDES)","volume":"83","author":"Ekelund","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.066647","article-title":"Critical windows for nutritional interventions against stunting","volume":"98","author":"Leroy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2005.00183.x","article-title":"Rapid growth in infancy and childhood and obesity in later life\u2014a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Monteiro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12632","article-title":"Rapid weight gain during infancy and subsequent adiposity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence","volume":"19","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2778","article-title":"Early development of adiposity and insulin resistance after catch-up weight gain in small-for-gestational-age children","volume":"91","author":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4498","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1716","article-title":"Health profile of young adults born preterm: negative effects of rapid weight gain in early life","volume":"97","author":"Kerkhof","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22073","article-title":"Early anthropometric indices predict short stature and overweight status in a cohort of Peruvians in early adolescence","volume":"148","author":"Sterling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn.82.2.456","article-title":"Anthropometric indicators of body composition in young adults: relation to size at birth and serial measurements of body mass index in childhood in the New Delhi birth cohort","volume":"82","author":"Sachdev","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00110.x","article-title":"Weight gain in childhood and body composition at 18 years of age in Brazilian males","volume":"96","author":"Victora","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803054","article-title":"Fetal, infant and childhood growth: relationships with body composition in Brazilian boys aged 9 years","volume":"29","author":"Wells","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.21227","article-title":"Birth weight, postnatal weight gain, and adult body composition in five low and middle income countries","volume":"24","author":"Kuzawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173S","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00460.x","article-title":"Abnormalities of fuel utilization as predisposing to the development of obesity in humans","volume":"3","author":"Schutz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1017\/S204017441500118X","article-title":"Growth retardation at early life and metabolic adaptation among North Korean children","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dev Orig Health Dis"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21003","article-title":"Adipose tissue as an immunological organ","volume":"23","author":"Grant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20903","article-title":"Reduced fat oxidation and obesity risks among the Buryat of southern Siberia","volume":"21","author":"Leonard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39007","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039007","article-title":"Is overweight in stunted preschool children in Cameroon related to reductions in fat oxidation, resting energy expenditure and physical activity?","volume":"7","author":"Said-Mohamed","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.886","article-title":"Birth weight and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review","volume":"300","author":"Whincup","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2003.00871.x","article-title":"Is birth weight related to later glucose and insulin metabolism? A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Newsome","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E3144","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3144","article-title":"Birth weight and risk of type 2 diabetes: a dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"35","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ18-0072","article-title":"The association between birth weight and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00399095","article-title":"Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): relation to reduced fetal growth","volume":"36","author":"Barker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00279-X","article-title":"Association between type 2 diabetes and prenatal exposure to the Ukraine famine of 1932-33: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Lumey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250050698","article-title":"Low birth weight is associated with NIDDM in discordant monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs","volume":"40","author":"Poulsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2000.00288.x","article-title":"Low birthweight and metabolic abnormalities in twins with increased susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Bo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21497","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity in US children, 1999-2014","volume":"24","author":"Skinner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105205","article-title":"The interplay between birth weight and obesity in determining childhood and adolescent cardiometabolic risk","volume":"105","author":"Stinson","year":"2024","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-133-3-200008010-00008","article-title":"The fetal and childhood growth of persons who develop type 2 diabetes","volume":"133","author":"Fors\u00e9n","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.000638","article-title":"Early growth and coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes: findings from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study (HBCS)","volume":"94","author":"Eriksson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3006","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.11.3006","article-title":"Pathways of infant and childhood growth that lead to type 2 diabetes","volume":"26","author":"Eriksson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.1.97","article-title":"Life course influences on insulin resistance: findings from the British Women's Heart and Health Study","volume":"26","author":"Lawlor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30625","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030625","article-title":"Age at menarche, the leg length to sitting height ratio, and risk of diabetes in middle-aged and elderly Chinese men and women","volume":"7","author":"Conway","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-009-0145-0","article-title":"Are measures of height and leg length related to incident diabetes mellitus? The ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) study","volume":"47","author":"Weitzman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2960","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0763","article-title":"Relationship between leg length and gestational diabetes mellitus in Chinese pregnant women","volume":"30","author":"Ma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.2174\/1566523219666190925115535","article-title":"A Mendelian randomization study on infant length and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk","volume":"19","author":"Zhuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Gene Ther"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05253-x","article-title":"An atlas on risk factors for type 2 diabetes: a wide-angled Mendelian randomisation study","volume":"63","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/s0026-0495(03)00151-3","article-title":"Effect of malnutrition during the first year of life on adult plasma insulin and glucose tolerance","volume":"52","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Barranco","year":"2003","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051460","article-title":"Short stature and gestational diabetes in Brazil. Brazilian Gestational Diabetes Study Group","volume":"43","author":"Branchtein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-8227(96)01337-x","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetes in a suburban population of Bangladesh","volume":"34","author":"Sayeed","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1007","article-title":"Impact of stature on non-communicable diseases: Evidence based on Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, 2011 data","volume":"14","author":"Hoque","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0019","article-title":"Analysis of attained height and diabetes among 554,122 adults across 25 low- and middle-income countries","volume":"43","author":"Teufel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-004-1405-8","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity and secretion in normal children related to size at birth, postnatal growth, and plasma insulin-like growth factor-I levels","volume":"47","author":"Ong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e875","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30231-6","article-title":"Exposure to improved nutrition from conception to age 2 years and adult cardiometabolic disease risk: a modelling study","volume":"6","author":"Ford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20595","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020595","article-title":"Impact of birth weight and early infant weight gain on insulin resistance and associated cardiovascular risk factors in adolescence","volume":"6","author":"Fabricius-Bjerre","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.303.6809.1019","article-title":"Fetal and infant growth and impaired glucose tolerance at age 64","volume":"303","author":"Hales","year":"1991","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-001-0757-6","article-title":"Effects of size at birth and childhood growth on the insulin resistance syndrome in elderly individuals","volume":"45","author":"Eriksson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/60.1.5","article-title":"The thrifty phenotype hypothesis","volume":"60","author":"Hales","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00400248","article-title":"Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis","volume":"35","author":"Hales","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00025.2004","article-title":"Regulation of pancreatic beta-cell mass","volume":"85","author":"Bouwens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E503","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3469","article-title":"Genetic markers of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion are associated with spontaneous postnatal growth and response to growth hormone treatment in short SGA children: the North European SGA Study (NESGAS)","volume":"100","author":"Jensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8061817","article-title":"Long-lasting effects of undernutrition","volume":"8","author":"Martins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B222","volume-title":"Programming of Chronic Disease by Impaired Fatal Nutrition: Evidence and Implications for Policy and Intervention Strategies","author":"Delisle","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119207","article-title":"Interleukin 6 causes growth impairment in transgenic mice through a decrease in insulin-like growth factor-I. A model for stunted growth in children with chronic inflammation","volume":"99","author":"De Benedetti","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2009.124","article-title":"Mechanisms of growth impairment in pediatric Crohn's disease","volume":"6","author":"Walters","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F71","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.81.1.f71","article-title":"Low birthweight and adult insulin resistance: the \u201ccatch-up growth\u201d hypothesis","volume":"81","author":"Cianfarani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e318177940d","article-title":"Reduced infant birthweight consequent upon maternal exposure to severe life events","volume":"70","author":"Khashan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2012.11.002","article-title":"Role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in developmental programming of health and disease","volume":"34","author":"Xiong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07546-1","article-title":"The fetal insulin hypothesis: an alternative explanation of the association of low birthweight with diabetes and vascular disease","volume":"353","author":"Hattersley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1910915","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.10915","article-title":"Association of birth weight with type 2 diabetes and glycemic traits: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"2","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19806","article-title":"Genome-wide associations for birth weight and correlations with adult disease","volume":"538","author":"Horikoshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199608000-00002","article-title":"Is blood pressure inversely related to birth weight? The strength of evidence from a systematic review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Law","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200018070-00002","article-title":"The role of size at birth and postnatal catch-up growth in determining systolic blood pressure: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"18","author":"Huxley","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mnh.0000165893.13620.2b","article-title":"Early life determinants of adult blood pressure","volume":"14","author":"Lawlor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092538","article-title":"Developmental determinants of blood pressure in adults","volume":"25","author":"Adair","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cki171","article-title":"Birthweight and blood pressure in five European birth cohort studies: an investigation of confounding factors","volume":"16","author":"Hardy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.181784","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of preterm birth and later systolic blood pressure","volume":"59","author":"de Jong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_684_23","article-title":"Effect of preterm birth on blood pressure in later life: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Alsubai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09834-3","article-title":"Unravelling the fetal origins hypothesis: is there really an inverse association between birthweight and subsequent blood pressure?","volume":"360","author":"Huxley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-020-00638-z","article-title":"Mendelian randomization analysis does not support causal associations of birth weight with hypertension risk and blood pressure in adulthood","volume":"35","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61692-4","article-title":"Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for adult health and human capital","volume":"371","author":"Victora","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.06.047","article-title":"Early life adversity with height stunting is associated with cardiometabolic risk in adolescents independent of body mass index","volume":"202","author":"Reid","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05679.x","article-title":"The association between birthweight and current blood pressure: a cross-sectional study in an Australian Aboriginal community","volume":"179","author":"Singh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-132-4-200002150-00002","article-title":"Effects of infant birthweight and maternal body mass index in pregnancy on components of the insulin resistance syndrome in China","volume":"132","author":"Mi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.82.5.358","article-title":"Prepubertal stature and blood pressure in early old age","volume":"82","author":"Montgomery","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1161\/01.hyp.36.5.790","article-title":"Fetal and childhood growth and hypertension in adult life","volume":"36","author":"Eriksson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7028.401","article-title":"Failure to realise growth potential in utero and adult obesity in relation to blood pressure in 50 year old Swedish men","volume":"312","author":"Leon","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.106.085597","article-title":"Childhood growth and hypertension in later life","volume":"49","author":"Eriksson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200109000-00003","article-title":"Linear catch-up growth does not increase the risk of elevated blood pressure and reduces the risk of overweight in males","volume":"19","author":"Lundgren","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdv203","article-title":"Leg-to-trunk ratio and the risk of hypertension in children and adolescents: a population-based study","volume":"38","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1159\/000514205","article-title":"The relationship between adult height and blood pressure","volume":"146","author":"Cochran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-319328","article-title":"Size at birth, growth trajectory in early life, and cardiovascular and metabolic risks in early adulthood: EPICure study","volume":"106","author":"Ni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0902.104677","article-title":"Fetal, infant, and childhood growth and adult blood pressure: a longitudinal study from birth to 22 years of age","volume":"105","author":"Law","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.187716","article-title":"Adipose and height growth through childhood and blood pressure status in a large prospective cohort study","volume":"59","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1161\/01.hyp.36.5.795","article-title":"Fetal growth and early postnatal growth are related to blood pressure in adults","volume":"36","author":"Cheung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000054212.23528.B2","article-title":"Rapid child growth raises blood pressure in adolescent boys who were thin at birth","volume":"41","author":"Adair","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136942","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/136942","article-title":"Low birth weight due to intrauterine growth restriction and\/or preterm birth: effects on nephron number and long-term renal health","volume":"2012","author":"Zohdi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.067561","article-title":"Postinfancy growth, schooling, and cognitive achievement: young lives","volume":"98","author":"Crookston","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy191","article-title":"Linear growth through 12 years is weakly but consistently associated with language and math achievement scores at age 12 years in 4 low- or middle-income countries","volume":"148","author":"Kowalski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.080960","article-title":"Childhood growth, schooling, and cognitive development: further evidence from the Young Lives Study","volume":"100","author":"Fink","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2016.01.003","article-title":"Growth trajectories from conception through middle childhood and cognitive achievement at age 8 years: evidence from four low- and middle-income countries","volume":"2","author":"Georgiadis","year":"2016","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.118927","article-title":"Children who recover from early stunting and children who are not stunted demonstrate similar levels of cognition","volume":"140","author":"Crookston","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab096","article-title":"Patterns of growth in childhood in relation to adult schooling attainment and intelligence quotient in 6 birth cohorts in low- and middle-income countries: evidence from the Consortium of Health-Oriented Research in Transitioning Societies (COHORTS)","volume":"151","author":"Poveda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12864","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12864","article-title":"Early childhood development and stunting: findings from the MAL-ED birth cohort study in Bangladesh","volume":"16","author":"Nahar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07744-9","article-title":"Effects of stunting, diarrhoeal disease, and parasitic infection during infancy on cognition in late childhood: a follow-up study","volume":"359","author":"Berkman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67574-5","article-title":"Effects of early childhood psychosocial stimulation and nutritional supplementation on cognition and education in growth-stunted Jamaican children: prospective cohort study","volume":"366","author":"Walker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898001500227X","article-title":"How consistent are associations between stunting and child development? Evidence from a meta-analysis of associations between stunting and multidimensional child development in fifteen low- and middle-income countries","volume":"19","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0694","article-title":"Cognitive deficit and poverty in the first 5 years of childhood in Bangladesh","volume":"134","author":"Hamadani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1266","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3111","article-title":"Linear growth and child development in low- and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis","volume":"135","author":"Sudfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-016-0129-9","article-title":"Height for age z score and cognitive function are associated with academic performance among school children aged 8-11 years old","volume":"74","author":"Haile","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2011.08.005","article-title":"Height and cognitive achievement among Indian children","volume":"10","author":"Spears","year":"2012","journal-title":"Econ Hum Biol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02254.x","article-title":"Height gain during early childhood is an important predictor of schooling and mathematics ability outcomes","volume":"100","author":"Gandhi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.475","article-title":"Cognitive effects of diarrhea, malnutrition, and Entamoeba histolytica infection on school age children in Dhaka, Bangladesh","volume":"74","author":"Tarleton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-4-31","article-title":"Cognitive development in children with chronic protein energy malnutrition","volume":"4","author":"Kar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav Brain Funct"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(74)80449-x","article-title":"Intelligence, reading achievement, physical size and social class. A study of St Louis Caucasian boys aged 8-0 to 9-6 years, attending regular schools","volume":"85","author":"Weinberg","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-010-1299-z","article-title":"Health-related quality of life and cognitive functioning in pediatric short stature: comparison of growth-hormone-na\u00efve, growth-hormone-treated, and healthy samples","volume":"170","author":"Stephen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.78.4.646","article-title":"Growth and intellectual development","volume":"78","author":"Wilson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.2.342","article-title":"Birthweight, postnatal growth and cognitive function in a national UK birth cohort","volume":"31","author":"Richards","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi038","article-title":"Growth in early life and childhood IQ at age 11 years: the Newcastle Thousand Families Study","volume":"34","author":"Pearce","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1086\/589524","article-title":"Stature and status: height, ability, and labor market outcomes","volume":"116","author":"Case","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Polit Econ"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.158.3.236","article-title":"Short stature and functional impairment: a systematic review","volume":"158","author":"Wheeler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.2307\/1129004","article-title":"The relation of growth to cognition in a well-nourished preschool population","volume":"53","author":"Pollitt","year":"1982","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh034","article-title":"Critical periods of brain growth and cognitive function in children","volume":"127","author":"Gale","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6683.1292","article-title":"Fall in association of height with intelligence and educational level","volume":"298","author":"Teasdale","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02680-y","article-title":"Short stature and language development in the United Kingdom: a longitudinal analysis of children from the Millennium Cohort Study","volume":"20","author":"Freer","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.064584","article-title":"Adult consequences of growth failure in early childhood","volume":"98","author":"Hoddinott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa047","article-title":"Associations between growth from birth to 18 years, intelligence, and schooling in a Brazilian cohort","volume":"112","author":"Baptista Menezes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2011.1413","article-title":"Influence of prenatal and postnatal growth on intellectual functioning in school-aged children","volume":"166","author":"Pongcharoen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.112300","article-title":"Weight gain in the first two years of life is an important predictor of schooling outcomes in pooled analyses from five birth cohorts from low- and middle-income countries","volume":"140","author":"Martorell","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000289","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000289","article-title":"Gestational age at delivery and special educational need: retrospective cohort study of 407,503 schoolchildren","volume":"7","author":"MacKay","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000694","article-title":"Fetal growth, cognitive function, and brain volumes in childhood and adolescence","volume":"125","author":"Rogne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02627-3","article-title":"Lower gestational age is associated with lower cortical volume and cognitive and educational performance in adolescence","volume":"20","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.1097","article-title":"Association of intrauterine growth restriction and small for gestational age status with childhood cognitive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"174","author":"Sacchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7280.203","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor and cognitive function","volume":"322","author":"Berger","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200208000-00003","article-title":"Interactions between GH, IGF-I, glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormones during skeletal growth","volume":"52","author":"Robson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3470","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1813","article-title":"Thyroid hormones are associated with cognitive function: moderation by sex, race, and depressive symptoms","volume":"98","author":"Beydoun","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02050","article-title":"Could cortisol explain the association between birth weight and cardiovascular disease in later life? A meta-analysis","volume":"153","author":"van Montfoort","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.09.039","article-title":"Understanding the association between stunting and child development in low- and middle-income countries: next steps for research and intervention","volume":"193","author":"Perkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596144","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.596144","article-title":"Emotional deprivation in children: growth faltering and reversible hypopituitarism","volume":"11","author":"Rogol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.11.2464","article-title":"Early childhood stunting is associated with poor psychological functioning in late adolescence and effects are reduced by psychosocial stimulation","volume":"137","author":"Walker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3983","article-title":"Family income, parental education and brain structure in children and adolescents","volume":"18","author":"Noble","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.1475","article-title":"Association of child poverty, brain development, and academic achievement","volume":"169","author":"Hair","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2026041313220117900_nuaf098-B302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e232","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2663","article-title":"The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress","volume":"129","author":"Shonkoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Nutrition Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/article-pdf\/84\/5\/981\/63712999\/nuaf098.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/article-pdf\/84\/5\/981\/63712999\/nuaf098.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T17:22:12Z","timestamp":1776100932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/article\/84\/5\/981\/8195652"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"references-count":302,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf098","relation":{},"ISSN":["0029-6643","1753-4887"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0029-6643","type":"print"},{"value":"1753-4887","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]}}}