{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:38:38Z","timestamp":1789537118544,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Time-restricted eating (TRE) is an effective dietary strategy for reducing overweight, obesity, and related complications, offering flexibility to fit individual preferences. However, its effects vary depending on individual conditions, and to date insufficient research in human studies has been conducted to support its recommendation as a healthy eating approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study took the form of a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of TRE on overweight and obesity in adults and on metabolic risk factors, specifically cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), considering fasting window, a common intervention, intake management, and intervention duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A literature search was conducted on October 10, 2024, using the Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and CINAHL databases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Extraction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study followed the PRISMA checklist and included 28 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 1648 participants. The outcomes analyzed included weight, waist circumference, fat mass, plasma lipids, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), fasting glucose, and fasting insulin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The meta-analysis showed large effect sizes (ESs) for weight (ES: \u22121.40, 95% CI: \u22122.33 to \u22120.48) and waist circumference (ES: \u22120.75, 95% CI: \u22120.93 to \u22120.56), and a moderate ES for fat mass (ES: \u22120.61, 95% CI: \u22120.98 to \u22120.24). A small effect was found for HOMA-IR (ES: \u22120.29, 95% CI: \u22120.48 to \u22120.10). While there was heterogeneity for weight and fat mass, the sensitivity analyses were robust. In contrast, the effects on plasma lipids, fasting glucose, and fasting insulin were inconclusive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TRE may ameliorate metabolic risk factors in adults with overweight and obesity, offering a flexible approach adaptable to individual lifestyles. However, reductions in weight and fat mass may depend on the individual conditions, and the medications taken by individuals may influence the outcomes. Furthermore, interventional studies on TRE remain insufficient, necessitating further experimental research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses to better understand the effects of TRE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PROSPERO registration No. [CRD42024556381].<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T11:56:18Z","timestamp":1758110178000},"page":"667-683","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Effect of Time-Restricted Eating on Metabolic Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Jooho","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, General Graduate School of Dankook University , Cheonan, 31116,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, General Graduate School of Dankook University , Cheonan, 31116,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7703-3407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoo-kyung","family":"Boo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Administration, College of Health Science, Dankook University , Cheonan, Cheoncheongnam-do, 31116,","place":["Republic of 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