{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:51:47Z","timestamp":1791849107988,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baby-led weaning (BLW) is a popular approach for introducing solid foods, supporting infant autonomy, sensory development, and family mealtimes. Despite potential benefits, concerns remain about its safety and nutritional adequacy. Further evidence is needed to clarify its effects on infant health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review compared BLW and traditional spoon-feeding (TSF) on growth, choking risk, and iron deficiency in infants aged 6\u201312\u2009months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library Plus, BioMed Central, and Google Scholar were searched from September 2022 to March 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Extraction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Titles, abstracts, and full texts were screened, and methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed using the JBI (Joanna Briggs Institute) checklist and Cochrane Handbook. Due to the limited number of studies, no meta-analysis was performed; instead, a hybrid synthesis of effect estimates and vote counting by direction was conducted, supported by box-and-whisker and harvest plots.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four randomized clinical trials were selected from 359 publications. Dogan et al reported lower overweight prevalence with BLW (0%, 10.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9\u2009kg) compared with TSF (17%, 11.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5\u2009kg; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001), whereas Taylor et al found no difference (BLW vs TSF, 10.3% vs 6.4%; P\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009.05). Choking risk was similar across studies (Dogan et al: BLW [n\u2009=\u20092] vs TSF [n\u2009=\u20093]; Fangupo et al: overall, 35%; no group difference; P\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009.20). Hemoglobin levels also showed no significant differences (Dogan et al: BLW vs TSF, 12.28\u2009\u00b1\u20090.48 vs 12.24\u2009\u00b1\u20090.41\u2009g\/dL; Daniels et al: BLW vs TSF, 11.6\u2009\u00b1\u20090.89 vs 11.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.84\u2009g\/dL; P\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current evidence suggests that BLW does not increase choking risk or compromise iron status compared with TSF. Its effect on growth remains limited. BLW may be considered a safe and nutritionally adequate complementary feeding method; however, these findings should be interpreted cautiously. Caregiver education on choking prevention and timely iron-rich foods is essential for safety and nutrition adequacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023402900.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T13:04:59Z","timestamp":1764162299000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Baby-Led Weaning vs Traditional Spoon-Feeding: A Systematic Review of Infant Growth, Choking Risk, and Iron Status Among Infants Aged 6\u201312 Months"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4842-3208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita Roc\u00edo","family":"M\u00e1rquez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves , Granada,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6454-4723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Dolores","family":"Ru\u00edz-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almer\u00eda , Almer\u00eda,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile , Temuco, 4780000,","place":["Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8597-7723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Arcas-Rueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Torrec\u00e1rdenas Maternity and Infant Hospital, Andalusian Health Service , Almer\u00eda,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8810-520X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda del Mar","family":"L\u00f3pez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almer\u00eda , Almer\u00eda,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8949-5772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Isabel","family":"Ventura-Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almer\u00eda , Almer\u00eda,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0805-1542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel Mar\u00eda","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almer\u00eda , Almer\u00eda,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa059","article-title":"Complementary feeding and long-term health implications","volume":"78","author":"Theurich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1080\/03004430.2020.1726902","article-title":"Baby-led weaning versus traditional weaning: the assessment of nutritional status in early childhood and maternal feeding practices in Turkey","volume":"190","author":"Kahraman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Early Child Dev Care"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7165","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18137165","article-title":"Complementary feeding methods\u2014a review of the benefits and risks","volume":"18","author":"Boswell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7931","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17217931","article-title":"Complementary feeding: pitfalls for health outcomes","volume":"17","author":"D\u2019Auria","year":"2020","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B5","first-page":"94","article-title":"The role of complementary feeding methods on early eating behaviors and food neophobia in toddlers","volume":"26","author":"Watson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12505","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12505","article-title":"Complementary feeding practices: current global and regional estimates","volume":"13(Suppl 2)","author":"White","year":"2017","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.12191","article-title":"Introducing solid foods using baby-led weaning vs spoon-feeding: a focus on oral development, nutrient intake and quality of research to bring balance to the debate","volume":"41","author":"Cichero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr Bull"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091823","article-title":"Nutrition for infant feeding","volume":"14","author":"Consales","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B9","first-page":"ee2023119","article-title":"What is the best method for introducing complementary feeding?","volume":"42","author":"Grunewald","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev Paul Pediatr"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654171","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.654171","article-title":"First bites\u2014why, when, and what solid foods to feed infants","volume":"9","author":"Borowitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuad019","article-title":"Optimal timing of introduction of complementary feeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"81","author":"Padhani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B12","first-page":"51","article-title":"Breastfeeding knowledge and exclusive breastfeeding of infants in first six months of life","volume":"68","author":"Zieli\u0144ska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B13","first-page":"435","article-title":"Breastfeeding and complementary feeding","volume":"113","author":"Prell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa143","article-title":"Complementary feeding of infants and young children 6 to 23 months of age","volume":"79","author":"Lutter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122372","article-title":"Use of the baby-led weaning (BLW) method in complementary feeding of the infant\u2014a cross-sectional study of mothers using and not using the BLW method","volume":"14","author":"Bia\u0142ek-Dratwa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2022.08.012","article-title":"Baby-led weaning\u2014progress in infant feeding or risky trend?","volume":"29","author":"Bocquet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2013.00207.x","article-title":"Early influences on child satiety-responsiveness: the role of weaning style","volume":"10","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/1941406415575931","article-title":"Baby-led weaning: a new frontier?","volume":"7","author":"Rapley","year":"2015","journal-title":"ICAN Infant Child Adolesc Nutr"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12919-020-00198-w","article-title":"\u201cBecoming an independent feeder\u201d: infant\u2019s transition in solid food introduction through baby-led weaning","volume":"14","author":"Utami","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Proc"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxz069","article-title":"Practical tips for paediatricians: baby-led weaning","volume":"25","author":"Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.3390\/nu4111575","article-title":"How feasible is baby-led weaning as an approach to infant feeding? A review of the evidence","volume":"4","author":"Cameron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105286","article-title":"Baby-led weaning in Italy and potential implications for infant development","volume":"164","author":"Addessi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-017-0201-2","article-title":"Baby-led weaning: the evidence to date","volume":"6","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Rep"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003946","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003946","article-title":"Parent-led or baby-led? Associations between complementary feeding practices and health-related behaviors in a survey of New Zealand families","volume":"3","author":"Cameron","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13031009","article-title":"Baby-led weaning: what role does it play in obesity risk during the first years? A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Martin\u00f3n-Torres","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010665","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010665","article-title":"How different are baby-led weaning and conventional complementary feeding? A cross-sectional study of infants aged 6\u20138 months","volume":"6","author":"Morison","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000298","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000298","article-title":"Baby knows best? The impact of weaning style on food preferences and body mass index in early childhood in a case\u2013controlled sample","volume":"2","author":"Townsend","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.1284","article-title":"Effect of a baby-led approach to complementary feeding on infant growth and overweight: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"171","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12941","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12941","article-title":"Spoonfeeding is associated with increased infant weight but only amongst formula-fed infants","volume":"16","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anpedi.2024.06.003","article-title":"Duraci\u00f3n de la lactancia materna y condici\u00f3n nutricional de los lactantes en Espa\u00f1a. Estudio LAyDI (PAPenRed)","volume":"101","author":"Mart\u00edn-Ramos","year":"2024","journal-title":"An Pediatr (Barc)"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B31","first-page":"93","volume-title":"Nestl\u00e9 Nutrition Institute Workshop Series","author":"Grote","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e019036","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019036","article-title":"Impact of a modified version of baby-led weaning on iron intake and status: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Daniels","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B33","author":"Trav\u00e9","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B34","author":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edsitica (INE)","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa135","article-title":"Infant feeding practices and later parent-reported feeding difficulties: a systematic review","volume":"79","author":"B\u0105bik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.32641\/andespediatr.v93i3.4181","article-title":"What is currently known about the baby-led weaning method\u2014BLW?","volume":"93","author":"Fuentes Alfaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Andes Pediatr"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-015-0491-8","article-title":"Baby-Led Introduction to Solids (BLISS) study: a randomized controlled trial of a baby-led approach to complementary feeding","volume":"15","author":"Daniels","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1352-1363","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13543","article-title":"Baby-led weaning: health professionals\u2019 knowledge and attitudes and parents\u2019 experiences from Spain. A mixed methods approach","volume":"30","author":"Arias-Ramos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-020-03579-7","article-title":"Baby-led weaning: prevalence and associated factors in Spain","volume":"179","author":"P\u00e9rez-R\u00edos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-023-02694-z","article-title":"Experiences and opinions towards baby-led weaning by healthcare professionals: a qualitative study","volume":"94","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Medina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recesp.2021.06.016","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"74","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B42","author":"WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B43","volume-title":"JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis","author":"Tufanaru","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B44","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","author":"Higgins","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.13671","article-title":"Baby-led complementary feeding: randomized controlled study","volume":"60","author":"Dogan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20160772","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-0772","article-title":"A baby-led approach to eating solids and risk of choking","volume":"138","author":"Fangupo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12616","article-title":"Differences in dietary composition between infants introduced to complementary foods using baby-led weaning and traditional spoon feeding","volume":"32","author":"Rowan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hum Nutr Diet"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898001900082X","article-title":"Standard vs baby-led complementary feeding: a comparison of food and nutrient intakes in 6\u201312-month-old infants in the UK","volume":"22","author":"Alpers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2026011311345989200_nuaf288-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13157","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13206","article-title":"An infant-led approach to complementary feeding is positively associated with language development","volume":"17","author":"Webber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"}],"container-title":["Nutrition Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf288\/66396520\/nuaf288.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf288\/66396520\/nuaf288.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T16:35:11Z","timestamp":1768322111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf288\/8424368"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"references-count":49,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf288","relation":{},"ISSN":["0029-6643","1753-4887"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0029-6643","type":"print"},{"value":"1753-4887","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"article-number":"nuaf288"}}