{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T13:52:59Z","timestamp":1781013179432,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The long-term effects of diets on body composition (BC) and bone mineral density (BMD) remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the effect of weight-loss inducing dietary interventions on BC and BMD at \u226512\u2009months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a systematic search on Medline, Embase, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library databases from inception until March 2025.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Extraction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of \u226512 months evaluating dietary interventions in adults (body mass index [BMI] \u226525\u2009kg\/m2) on BC and BMD. We categorized diets into moderate macronutrients (MM), low-fat\/high-carbohydrate (LFHC), high-fat\/low-carbohydrate (HFLC), and usual diet (UD). We completed data screening\/extraction in duplicate and independently. We used RevMan 5.3 for pooling and the Cochrane tool for risk of bias (ROB) assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 34\u2009382 records, we included 23 trials reporting on BC and BMD. Most RCTs had high or unclear ROB. Baseline BMI was 28.6-37.7\u2009kg\/m2 and most interventions lasted 12\u2009months. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was the primary BC assessement tool used (72%). Nine trials compared MM with HFLC diets and 5 trials compared MM diets with UDs. HFLC diets reduced fat mass (FM) compared with MM diets (2 trials; mean difference [MD], \u22122.88\u2009kg; 95% CI, \u22125.41 to \u22120.34). Compared with a UD, the MM diet did not reduce FM (2 trials; MD, \u221211.36\u2009kg; 95% CI, \u221226.36 to 3.63). There was no difference in the FM change between HFLC and LFHC diets. Similalry, there was no difference in the visceral adipose tissue and the subcutaneous adipose tissue parameters across different diets, with only few exceptions. Four RCTs evaluated BMD parameters, and one trial only showed a possible reduction in bone loss with a high-protein compared to a low-protein diet.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HFLC diets modestly reduced FM when compared to MM diets. Conversely, FM did not differ between MM diets and UDs. The impact of diets on other BC parameters did not differ. Data on BMD parameters are very scarce, with a possible benefit from a high-protein diet. More high-quality trials are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PROSPERO no. CRD42018103116.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T13:08:57Z","timestamp":1765458537000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Long-Term Diets and Changes in Body Composition and Bone Mineral Density: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Jana","family":"Jabbour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Lebanese American University , Beirut,","place":["Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0174-7454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeinab","family":"Issa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calcium Metabolism and Osteoporosis Program, WHO Collaborating Center for Metabolic Bone Disorders, American University of Beirut , Beirut,","place":["Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tala","family":"Jaafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Lebanese American University , Beirut,","place":["Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Al Jaafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Lebanese American University , Beirut,","place":["Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leen","family":"Alaaedeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Lebanese American University , Beirut,","place":["Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aya","family":"Al Tabesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Lebanese American University , Beirut,","place":["Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renee","family":"Horanieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calcium Metabolism and Osteoporosis Program, WHO Collaborating Center for Metabolic Bone Disorders, American University of Beirut , Beirut,","place":["Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nour M","family":"Hammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0012-986X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlene","family":"Chakhtoura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calcium Metabolism and Osteoporosis Program, WHO Collaborating Center for Metabolic Bone Disorders, American University of Beirut , Beirut,","place":["Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obpill.2021.100004","article-title":"Obesity definition, diagnosis, bias, standard operating procedures (SOPs), and telehealth: an Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) 2022","volume":"1","author":"Fitch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obes Pillars"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s42358-022-00240-9","article-title":"Official Position of the Brazilian Association of Bone Assessment and Metabolism (ABRASSO) on the evaluation of body composition by densitometry-part II (clinical aspects): interpretation, reporting, and special situations","volume":"62","author":"Maeda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S167","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S008","article-title":"8. Obesity and weight management for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes: standards of care in diabetes\u20132025","volume":"48(Suppl 1)","author":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (ADAPP)","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4158\/CS-2019-0472","article-title":"Consensus statement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology on the comprehensive type 2 diabetes management algorithm\u20142020 executive summary","volume":"26","author":"Garber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0893","article-title":"European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: endocrine work-up in obesity","volume":"182","author":"Pasquali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E875","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.191707","article-title":"Obesity in adults: a clinical practice guideline","volume":"192","author":"Wharton","year":"2020","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes.2019.28.1.40","article-title":"2018 Korean Society for the Study of Obesity guideline for the management of obesity in Korea","volume":"28","author":"Seo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Obes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1159\/000496183","article-title":"European practical and patient-centred guidelines for adult obesity management in primary care","volume":"12","author":"Durrer Schutz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obes Facts"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.13022","article-title":"Behavioral weight loss interventions to prevent obesity-related morbidity and mortality in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement","volume":"320","author":"Curry","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2016.10.14353","article-title":"The Saudi clinical practice guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults","volume":"37","author":"Alfadda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4158\/EP161365.GL","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology comprehensive clinical practice guidelines for medical care of patients with obesity","volume":"22 suppl 3","author":"Garvey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2015.10.031","article-title":"Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: interventions for the treatment of overweight and obesity in adults","volume":"116","author":"Raynor","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1159\/000442721","article-title":"European guidelines for obesity management in adults","volume":"8","author":"Yumuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes Facts"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.004","article-title":"2013 AHA\/ACC\/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society","volume":"63","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g6608","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g6608","article-title":"Identification, assessment, and management of overweight and obesity: summary of updated NICE guidance","volume":"349","author":"Stegenga","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E797","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.250502","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for obesity management in adults: 2025 clinical practice guideline update","volume":"197","author":"Pedersen","year":"2025","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"K2426","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2426","article-title":"Role of government policy in nutrition-barriers to and opportunities for healthier eating","volume":"361","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.14.1837","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate diets: a systematic review","volume":"289","author":"Bravata","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2013.11.006","article-title":"Long term weight maintenance after advice to consume low carbohydrate, higher protein diets\u2014a systematic review and meta analysis","volume":"24","author":"Clifton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12405","article-title":"Impact of low-carbohydrate diet on body composition: meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies","volume":"17","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-789x.2003.00099.x","article-title":"Should we recommend low-fat diets for obesity?","volume":"4","author":"Pirozzo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD013636","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013636","article-title":"Effects of total fat intake on body fatness in adults","volume":"6","author":"Hooper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-12-48","article-title":"Long-term effects of low-fat diets either low or high in protein on cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Schwingshackl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B24","author":"Chakhtoura","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821096","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.821096","article-title":"Long term weight loss diets and obesity indices: results of a network meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Jabbour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d5928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The Cochrane Collaboration\u2019s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B28","volume-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B29","author":"Review Manager (RevMan)","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2012.11","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of 52 weeks weight loss with either a high-protein or high-carbohydrate diet on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese males","volume":"2","author":"Wycherley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12056","article-title":"Higher protein diet for weight management in young overweight women: a 12-month randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Griffin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.290","article-title":"Long-term effects of a Palaeolithic-type diet in obese postmenopausal women: a 2-year randomized trial","volume":"68","author":"Mellberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.3305\/nh.2012.27.6.6133","article-title":"One-year effectiveness of two hypocaloric diets with different protein\/carbohydrate ratios in weight loss and insulin resistance","volume":"27","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr Hosp"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2016.03.003","article-title":"Long-term effects of a very-low-carbohydrate weight-loss diet and an isocaloric low-fat diet on bone health in obese adults","volume":"32","author":"Brinkworth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-0180","article-title":"Effects of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets: a randomized trial","volume":"161","author":"Bazzano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.9.969","article-title":"Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and Learn diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial","volume":"297","author":"Gardner","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.05.042","article-title":"Inflammatory markers as diagnostic and precision nutrition tools for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: results from the Fatty Liver in Obesity trial","volume":"43","author":"Mogna-Pel\u00e1ez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.0245","article-title":"Effect of low-fat vs low-carbohydrate diet on 12-month weight loss in overweight adults and the association with genotype pattern or insulin secretion: the DIETFITS randomized clinical trial","volume":"319","author":"Gardner","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.76","article-title":"Effect of diet and exercise, alone or combined, on weight and body composition in overweight-to-obese postmenopausal women","volume":"20","author":"Foster-Schubert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(97)00015-1","article-title":"A worksite program for overweight middle-aged men achieves lesser weight loss with exercise than with dietary change","volume":"97","author":"Pritchard","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-015-0523-y","article-title":"Effects of changes in regional body composition on physical function in older adults: a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Santanasto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2212354","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.12354","article-title":"Effect of a novel intervention targeting appetitive traits on body mass index among adults with overweight or obesity: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"Boutelle","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802767","article-title":"Effect of normal-fat diets, either medium or high in protein, on body weight in overweight subjects: a randomised 1-year trial","volume":"28","author":"Due","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.5.976","article-title":"Effects of an ad libitum low-glycemic load diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors in obese young adults","volume":"81","author":"Ebbeling","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.058586","article-title":"Comparison of 2 weight-loss diets of different protein content on bone health: a randomized trial","volume":"98","author":"Jesudason","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.318","article-title":"Areal and volumetric bone mineral density and geometry at two levels of protein intake during caloric restriction: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Sukumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3181\/0810-RM-293","article-title":"Strategies to increase vegetable or reduce energy and fat intake induce weight loss in adults","volume":"234","author":"Tanumihardjo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.026328","article-title":"Effects of 4 weight-loss diets differing in fat, protein, and carbohydrate on fat mass, lean mass, visceral adipose tissue, and hepatic fat: results from the Pounds Lost trial","volume":"95","author":"de Souza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-024-01454-4","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of a weight loss maintenance program in adults with obesity: the WLM3P study","volume":"78","author":"Pereira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.08.028","article-title":"Diets differing in carbohydrate cellularity and amount similarly reduced visceral fat in people with obesity\u2014a randomized controlled trial (CARBFUNC)","volume":"41","author":"Sommersten","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0188431","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188431","article-title":"Intramyocellular triacylglycerol accumulation across weight loss strategies: sub-study of the CENTRAL trial","volume":"12","author":"Gepner","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1050","article-title":"Sex differences in the effects of weight loss diets on bone mineral density and body composition: POUNDS LOST trial","volume":"100","author":"Tirosh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4735","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S486841","article-title":"Association between percent body fat reduction and changes of the metabolic score for insulin resistance in overweight\/obese people with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease","volume":"17","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.02.015","article-title":"Association of body composition indices with cardiovascular outcomes: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"119","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000984","article-title":"Visceral adiposity and cardiometabolic risk: clinical insights and assessment","author":"Shetty","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiol Rev"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI57132","article-title":"Inflammatory links between obesity and metabolic disease","volume":"121","author":"Lumeng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306883","article-title":"Obesity and cardiovascular disease","volume":"118","author":"Ortega","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3774","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123774","article-title":"The effect of low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets on weight loss and lipid levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Chawla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2016.260","article-title":"A review of the carbohydrate\u2013insulin model of obesity","volume":"71","author":"Hall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2017.08.014","article-title":"A shift toward a high-fat diet in the current metabolic paradigm: a new perspective","volume":"46","author":"Waldman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096491","article-title":"Evidence that supports the prescription of low-carbohydrate high-fat diets: a narrative review","volume":"51","author":"Noakes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz058","article-title":"Effects of dietary protein quantity on bone quantity following weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Wright","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-016-3617-4","article-title":"The effects of weight loss approaches on bone mineral density in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"27","author":"Soltani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2564","article-title":"Does diet-induced weight loss lead to bone loss in overweight or obese adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials","volume":"30","author":"Zibellini","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17034-7","article-title":"Clinical trial registration: a statement from the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors","volume":"364","author":"De Angelis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-10-56","article-title":"Compliance of clinical trial registries with the World Health Organization minimum data set: a survey","volume":"10","author":"Moja","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188S","DOI":"10.1016\/s0197-2456(00)00077-5","article-title":"Measuring adherence to behavioral and medical interventions","volume":"21","author":"Vitolins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"2026021409493375600_nuaf297-B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(94)90210-0","article-title":"Effects of low-fat diet, calorie restriction, and running on lipoprotein subfraction concentrations in moderately overweight men","volume":"43","author":"Williams","year":"1994","journal-title":"Metabolism"}],"container-title":["Nutrition Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf297\/66902023\/nuaf297.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf297\/66902023\/nuaf297.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T14:49:39Z","timestamp":1771080579000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf297\/8483933"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"references-count":68,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf297","relation":{},"ISSN":["0029-6643","1753-4887"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0029-6643","type":"print"},{"value":"1753-4887","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"article-number":"nuaf297"}}