{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:07:02Z","timestamp":1791644822692,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development of Brazil"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) is a versatile, low-cost, widely used plant product with potential to promote glycemic control. However, clinical evidence regarding its antihyperglycemic efficacy remains inconsistent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary aim was to investigate the antihyperglycemic effects of pumpkin in human nutrition; the secondary aim was to assess pumpkin\u2019s impact on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-related metabolic biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Source<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review was performed by searching databases (MEDLINE\/PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library\/Central) until March 2025 and included controlled clinical trials assessing the effects of pumpkin or its by-products on glucose outcomes and T2DM-related metabolic biomarkers in adults with or without T2DM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Extraction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All studies were independently screened and extracted by 2 researchers. In the case of disagreement, a third researcher was consulted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 198 records screened, 9 controlled clinical trials (n\u2009=\u2009316 participants) were selected for qualitative analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pumpkin and its by-products have potential to be used as adjuvants in the prevention and\/or treatment of T2DM. More high-quality and long-term clinical trials are needed to confirm this evidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PROSPERO registration No. CRD42022376276.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuag027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T12:34:08Z","timestamp":1770554048000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Pumpkin (\n                    <i>Cucurbita<\/i>\n                    spp.) on Glycemic and Type 2 Diabetes\u2013Related Metabolic Biomarkers: A Systematic Review of Controlled Clinical Trials"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Ke","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical University , Bengbu, Anhui,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7687-6189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1via Galv\u00e3o","family":"C\u00e2ndido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Embrapa Alimentos e Territ\u00f3rios, , Macei\u00f3, Alagoas, CEP 57020-050,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0092-2695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana de Souza","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research, Development and Innovation Center, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the Southeast of Minas Gerais\u2013Campus Barbacena , Barbacena, Minas Gerais,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7217-5470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana Juli\u00e3o","family":"Guilarducci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0487-0500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalia Sernizon","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9927-4658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huaqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical University , Bengbu, Anhui,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9554-4419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fania Maria Geraldo","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research, Development and Innovation Center, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the Southeast of Minas Gerais\u2013Campus Barbacena , Barbacena, Minas Gerais,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-Sint","article-title":"Introduction and methodology: Standards of Care in diabetes-2023","volume":"46","author":"ElSayed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11111394","article-title":"Nutritional value, phytochemical potential, and therapeutic benefits of pumpkin (Cucurbita sp.)","volume":"11","author":"Batool","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plants (Basel)"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27113440","article-title":"Selected species of the Cucurbitaceae family used in Mexico for the treatment of diabetes mellitus","volume":"27","author":"Huerta-Reyes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4005","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0706979","article-title":"Oil and tocopherol content and composition of pumpkin seed oil in 12 cultivars","volume":"55","author":"Stevenson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02462","article-title":"Comparative study on nutrient contents in the different parts of indigenous and hybrid varieties of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima Linn.)","volume":"5","author":"Amin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.04.020","article-title":"Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects and safety profile of Cucurbita maxima and Cucumis sativus seeds","volume":"28","author":"Wahid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14163336","article-title":"Accelerating effect of Cucurbita pepo L. fruit extract on excisional wound healing in depressed rats is mediated through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects","volume":"14","author":"Almohaimeed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3746\/pnf.2022.27.1.78","article-title":"Effects of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seed protein on blood pressure, plasma lipids, leptin, adiponectin, and oxidative stress in rats with fructose-induced metabolic syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Chenni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev Nutr Food Sci"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6086490","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6086490","article-title":"An appraisal of pumpkin seed extract in 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine induced colon cancer in Wistar rats","volume":"2018","author":"Chari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Toxicol"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4804408","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4804408","article-title":"In vitro role of pumpkin parts as pharma-foods: antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of pumpkin peel, flesh, and seed powders, in alloxan-induced diabetic rats","volume":"2022","author":"Hussain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-8741","article-title":"Hypoglycemic action of Cucurbita ficifolia on type 2 diabetic patients with moderately high blood glucose levels","volume":"77","author":"Acosta-Pati\u00f1o","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-7802.175455","article-title":"Effect of Cucurbita ficifolia and probiotic yogurt consumption on blood glucose, lipid profile, and inflammatory marker in type 2 diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Bayat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563576","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/563576","article-title":"Effects of dietary milled seed mixture on fatty acid status and inflammatory markers in patients on hemodialysis","volume":"2014","author":"Ristic-Medic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci World J"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2018.04.015","article-title":"Addition of pooled pumpkin seed to mixed meals reduced postprandial glycemia: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"56","author":"C\u00e2ndido","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.3109\/13697137.2011.563882","article-title":"Improvement in HDL cholesterol in postmenopausal women supplemented with pumpkin seed oil: pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Gossell-Williams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2478\/rjdnmd-2018-0042","article-title":"Effect of fiber-rich snacks on C-reactive protein and atherogenic index in type 2 diabetes patients","volume":"25","author":"Sunarti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Romanian J Diabetes Nutr Metab Dis"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.15171\/apb.2018.040","article-title":"Effect of Cucurbita maxima on control of blood glucose in diabetic critically Ill patients","volume":"8","author":"Mahmoodpoor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Pharm Bull"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.3923\/pjn.2019.895.899","article-title":"Fiber increases endogenous insulin and reduces insulin resistance in diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Sunarti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pakistan J Nutr"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B20","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.2","author":"Higgins","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-22-00430","article-title":"The revised JBI critical appraisal tool for the assessment of risk of bias for randomized controlled trials","volume":"21","author":"Barker","year":"2023","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4277","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124277","article-title":"Glycaemic and appetite suppression effect of a vegetable-enriched bread","volume":"13","author":"Amoah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.117924","article-title":"Effect of Cucurbita ficifolia Bouch\u00e9 on glutathione level and glycosylated hemoglobin percentage in a Mexican rural population with type 2 diabetes","volume":"326","author":"Hernandez-Mixteco","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.23751\/PN.V20I1-S.6654","article-title":"Evaluation of the antihyperglycemic, antilipidemic and antioxidant potential of Cucurbita ficifolia in human type 2 diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Nutr"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20220134","DOI":"10.36660\/ijcs.20220134","article-title":"Effect of hypoenergetic diet combined with pumpkin seed flour consumption on obese women","volume":"36","author":"Soares de Carvalho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Cardiovasc Sci"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010035","article-title":"Peripheral amino acid appearance is lower following plant protein fibre products, compared to whey protein and fibre ingestion, in healthy older adults despite optimised amino acid profile","volume":"15","author":"de Marco Castro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.158","article-title":"Preparation of the controlled acid hydrolysates from pumpkin polysaccharides and their antioxidant and antidiabetic evaluation","volume":"121","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3390\/foods2020160","article-title":"The development of expanded snack product made from pumpkin flour-corn grits: effect of extrusion conditions and formulations on physical characteristics and microstructure","volume":"2","author":"Nor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2020.e00575","article-title":"The potential of pumpkin seeds as a functional food ingredient: a review","volume":"10","author":"Dotto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci African"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-84436-3_29","volume-title":"Mediterranean Fruits Bio-wastes","author":"Ezzat","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.03.016","article-title":"The hypoglycaemic effect of pumpkins as anti-diabetic and functional medicines","volume":"44","author":"Adams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.05.079","article-title":"Flax and pumpkin seeds mixture ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in rats","volume":"48","author":"Makni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.07.079","article-title":"The distribution of phenolic acids in pumpkin\u2019s hull-less seed, skin, oil cake meal, dehulled kernel and hull","volume":"113","author":"Peri\u010din","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.2174\/092986710791299902","article-title":"Anti-diabetic effect of trigonelline and nicotinic acid, on KK-A(y)mice","volume":"17","author":"Yoshinari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1837","article-title":"Critical nodes in signalling pathways: insights into insulin action","volume":"7","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.114","article-title":"Extraction and purification of pumpkin polysaccharides and their hypoglycemic effect","volume":"98","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2006.234","article-title":"Health benefits of traditional corn, beans, and pumpkin: in vitro studies for hyperglycemia and hypertension management","volume":"10","author":"Kwon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Food"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B41"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-005-2536-x","article-title":"Effects of protein-bound polysaccharide isolated from pumpkin on insulin in diabetic rats","volume":"60","author":"Quanhong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum Nutr"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109086","article-title":"Recovery of high value-added compounds from pineapple, melon, watermelon and pumpkin processing by-products: an overview","volume":"132","author":"Rico","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9436","DOI":"10.1021\/jf051505h","article-title":"Phytosterol composition of nuts and seeds commonly consumed in the United States","volume":"53","author":"Phillips","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B45"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2013.08.003","article-title":"Tocopherol from seeds of Cucurbita pepo against diabetes: validation by in vivo experiments supported by computational docking","volume":"112","author":"Bharti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2478\/pjfns-2013-000246","article-title":"Rice bran oil and pumpkin seed oil alleviate oxidative injury and fatty liver in rats fed high fructose diet","volume":"64","author":"Al-Okbi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pol J Food Nutr Sci"},{"key":"2026040408392153000_nuag027-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.4297\/najms.2011.3351","article-title":"The antiatherogenic, renal protective and immunomodulatory effects of purslane, pumpkin and flax seeds on hypercholesterolemic rats","volume":"3","author":"Barakat","year":"2011","journal-title":"North Am J Med Sci"}],"container-title":["Nutrition Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuag027\/67785406\/nuag027.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuag027\/67785406\/nuag027.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T12:39:30Z","timestamp":1775306370000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuag027\/8586671"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"references-count":48,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuag027","relation":{},"ISSN":["0029-6643","1753-4887"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0029-6643","type":"print"},{"value":"1753-4887","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"article-number":"nuag027"}}