{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T10:43:37Z","timestamp":1790937817302,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["285489"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["285489"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CIHR Catalyst Grant","award":["162545"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["162545"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Many public safety personnel (PSP) experience trauma directly or indirectly in their occupational role, yet there remain barriers to accessing care or seeking help.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To understand how PSP interpret different potentially traumatic events and how perceived eligibility for being traumatized is determined among PSP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed open-ended comments provided by over 800 PSP in a survey designed to assess the prevalence of post-traumatic stress injuries and other mental disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found evidence that a trauma hierarchy may exist among PSP. Certain experiences may be interpreted as more traumatic, based on both the event and the PSP role in the actual event. For example, involvement in a shooting may be interpreted as more traumatic than arriving on the scene later. Similarly, a single event may be deemed more traumatic than an accumulation of events. The role of the individual and social context in shaping experiences and interpretations of trauma may be largely ignored in line with confirmation biases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The role that individuals and social contexts play in shaping experiences and interpretations of trauma appear suppressed by perceptions of a trauma hierarchy, facilitating systematic discrediting or valuation of some experiences, therein evidencing that trauma is subjective and reinforcing barriers to care seeking. A trauma hierarchy may also propagate stigma and legitimize discrimination regarding mental health. We argue that recognizing, engaging with, and dismantling the perception of a trauma hierarchy may help create a respectful and open occupational culture supportive of mental health needs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqaa007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]],"date-time":"2020-01-09T15:08:58Z","timestamp":1578582538000},"page":"155-161","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Public Safety Personnel\u2019s interpretations of potentially traumatic events"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0905-8968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R","family":"Ricciardelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, Newfoundland A1C 5S7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Czarnuch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Discipline of Emergency Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, Newfoundland A1C 5S7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T O","family":"Afifi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Taillieu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R N","family":"Carleton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, 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