{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:59:09Z","timestamp":1791907149466,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in UK prisons is believed to have increased substantially. As well as posing a significant threat to prisoners\u2019 health, NPS use can trigger violent, unpredictable and aggressive behaviour. Dealing with the direct and indirect effects of NPS therefore has the potential to compromise the physical and psychological safety of prison staff.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study investigates prison officers\u2019 perceptions of NPS use in their workplace and their risk of exposure. Relationships between NPS exposure, the workplace safety climate and mental health were also examined.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We assessed prison officers\u2019 perceptions of the prevalence of NPS use among prisoners in their workplace, their personal exposure and the safety climate in their institution through an online survey. The General Health Questionnaire-12 measured mental health. Descriptive statistics were used to assess officers\u2019 perceptions of NPS use in their workplace and their personal exposure and correlations examined relationships between variables.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The sample comprised 1956 prison officers (86% male). Most respondents (85%) highlighted NPS as a serious cause for concern in their institution. Two-thirds (66%) reported being personally exposed to NPS at least sometimes, with 22% being exposed once a day or more. Significant relationships were found between officers\u2019 perceived NPS exposure, assessments of safety climate and self-reported mental health.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings highlight the need for urgent action to reduce the use of NPS among prisoners. This is likely to improve the safety climate of UK prisons and the mental health of staff.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqab113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T19:10:34Z","timestamp":1626462634000},"page":"346-350","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["New psychoactive substances, safety and mental health in prison officers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"G","family":"Kinman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organizational Psychology, Birkbeck University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A J","family":"Clements","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological, Social and Behavioural Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021110610303185300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.4337\/9781788970358.00018","article-title":"Stress and wellbeing in prison officers","volume-title":"Handbook of Research on Stress and Well-being in the Public Sector","author":"Clements","year":"2020"},{"key":"2021110610303185300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1108\/IJWHM-09-2015-0054","article-title":"Work-related wellbeing in UK prison officers: a benchmarking approach","volume":"9","author":"Kinman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Workplace Health Manag"},{"key":"2021110610303185300_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-82","article-title":"Organizational stressors associated with job stress and burnout in correctional officers: a systematic 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detachment","volume":"44","author":"Kinman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crim J Behav"},{"key":"2021110610303185300_CIT0010","author":"HM Prison and Probation Service.","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021110610303185300_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.10.003","article-title":"Adding spice to the porridge: the development of a synthetic cannabinoid market in an English prison","volume":"40","author":"Ralphs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2021110610303185300_CIT0012","author":"Public Health England.","year":"2015"},{"key":"2021110610303185300_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.05.022","article-title":"Producing the \u2018problem\u2019 of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in English prisons","volume":"80","author":"Duke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2021110610303185300_CIT0014","author":"HM Inspectorate of Prisons."},{"key":"2021110610303185300_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1093\/bjc\/azaa019","article-title":"Prisoner society in an era of psychoactive substances, organized crime, new drug markets and austerity","volume":"60","author":"Gooch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brit J Crim"},{"key":"2021110610303185300_CIT0016","first-page":"131","article-title":"How do new psychoactive substances affect the mental health of prisoners?","volume-title":"Mental Health in Prisons 2018","author":"Moyes"},{"key":"2021110610303185300_CIT0017","author":"Public Health England.","year":"2016"},{"key":"2021110610303185300_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00460","article-title":"Novel psychoactive substances in custodial settings: a mixed method investigation on the experiences of people in prison and professionals working with them","volume":"11","author":"Corazza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021110610303185300_CIT0019","author":"Joint Unions in Prisons Alliance.","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021110610303185300_CIT0020","volume-title":"General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)","author":"Goldberg","year":"1988"},{"key":"2021110610303185300_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e78693","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078693","article-title":"Are reports of psychological stress higher in occupational studies? A systematic review across occupational and population based studies","volume":"8","author":"Goodwin","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021110610303185300_CIT0022","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"key":"2021110610303185300_CIT0023","author":"EU-OSHA.","year":"2017"},{"key":"2021110610303185300_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqv084","article-title":"Workability and mental wellbeing among therapeutic prison officers","volume":"65","author":"Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Occup Med (Lond)"},{"key":"2021110610303185300_CIT0025","author":"Foresight.","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021110610303185300_CIT0026","author":"Institute of Justice.","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Occupational Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/occmed\/article-pdf\/71\/8\/346\/41097833\/kqab113.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/occmed\/article-pdf\/71\/8\/346\/41097833\/kqab113.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,6]],"date-time":"2021-11-06T10:30:59Z","timestamp":1636194659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/occmed\/article\/71\/8\/346\/6355607"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/occmed\/kqab113","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-7480","1471-8405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-7480","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-8405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]}}}