{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T02:06:07Z","timestamp":1788314767264,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]],"date-time":"2023-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Football Association and Professional Footballers Association"},{"name":"NHS Research Scotland"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Soccer is a high-speed contact sport with risk of injury. Despite long-standing concern, evidence to date remains inconsistent as to the association between playing professional-level soccer and lifelong musculoskeletal consequences.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The objectives were to assess risk of osteoarthritis in former professional soccer players compared to matched general population controls, and subsequently assess associated musculoskeletal disorders which may contribute to, or result from, osteoarthritis\u2014specifically meniscal injury and joint replacement.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective cohort study using national electronic health records (EHRs) on a cohort of 7676 former professional soccer players aged 40 or over at recruitment, matched on year of birth, sex (all male) and socio-economic status with 23 028 general population controls. Outcomes of interest were obtained by utilizing individual-level record linkage to EHRs from general hospital inpatient and day-case admissions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Compared to controls, former soccer players showed a greater risk of hospital admission for osteoarthritis (hazard ratio [HR] 3.01; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.80\u20133.25; P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.001). This increased risk appeared age dependant, normalizing over age 80 years and reflective of increased risk of lower limb osteoarthritis. Further, risk of hospital admissions for meniscal injury (HR 2.73; 95% CI 2.42\u20133.08; P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.001) and joint replacement (HR 2.82; 95% CI 2.23\u20133.57; P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.001) were greater among former soccer players.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We report an increased risk of lower limb osteoarthritis in former soccer players when compared with matched population controls. The results of this research add data in support of lower limb osteoarthritis among former soccer players representing a potential industrial injury.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqad132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]],"date-time":"2023-12-09T21:02:59Z","timestamp":1702155779000},"page":"547-553","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Increased risk of lower limb osteoarthritis among former professional soccer (football) players"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5320-5910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E R","family":"Russell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S J","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital , Glasgow, G51 4TF , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C M","family":"Atherton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital , Glasgow, G51 4TF , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3850-1487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D M","family":"Lyall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8TB , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D F","family":"Mackay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8TB , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8TA , UK"},{"name":"Hampden Sports Clinic, Hampden Stadium , Glasgow G42 9ED , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J A","family":"MacLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8TA , UK"},{"name":"Hampden Sports Clinic, Hampden Stadium , Glasgow G42 9ED , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J P","family":"Pell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8TB , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2199-2582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK"},{"name":"Department of Neuropathology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital , Glasgow G51 4TF , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024012916110257700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.36.6.446","article-title":"Evaluating the level of injury in English professional football using a risk based assessment process","volume":"36","author":"Drawer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024012916110257700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.33.3.196","article-title":"A prospective epidemiological study of injuries in four English professional football clubs","volume":"33","author":"Hawkins","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024012916110257700_CIT0003","volume-title":"Health and Safety Statistics 1999\/2000","author":"Health and Safety Commission","year":"2000"},{"key":"2024012916110257700_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63S","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603511426882","article-title":"Clinical and basic science of cartilage injury and arthritis in the football (soccer) athlete","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"key":"2024012916110257700_CIT0005","first-page":"1352","author":"IIAC. 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