{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T23:00:03Z","timestamp":1774566003435,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology provided funds","award":["MOST 108-2410-H-182-011-SS3, NSTC 111-2410-H-182-001-SS3, and NSTC 112-2410-H-816-001-SSS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2410-H-182-011-SS3, NSTC 111-2410-H-182-001-SS3, and NSTC 112-2410-H-816-001-SSS"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>International studies have revealed that numerous challenges (e.g. job demands) and opportunities (e.g. job resources as protective factors) affect the well-being of healthcare workers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Building on the job demands\u2013resources theory, we explored how job-related demands and the role of inclusive leadership as a job resource influenced the well-being of junior doctors during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A cross-sectional web survey was conducted in July 2022 for 82 junior doctors who had experienced the 3-year COVID-19 pandemic. The survey captured their perceived physical, psychological and COVID-19-related job demands and the inclusive leadership behaviours exhibited by their clinical unit supervisors as job resources. Data were also collected on junior doctors\u2019 experiences of burnout, compassion satisfaction and occupational commitment as variables of job outcomes. Hierarchical linear regression analysis was applied to explore the relationships between the variables.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Physical and COVID-19-related job demands were associated with increased burnout among junior doctors. Inclusive leadership as a job resource was associated with junior doctors\u2019 reduced burnout and increased compassion satisfaction and buffered the negative effects of psychological demands on their compassion satisfaction. Only COVID-19-related job demands were associated with junior doctors\u2019 occupational commitment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our study highlights the critical effects of COVID-19-related job demands on junior doctors\u2019 burnout and occupational commitment. Inclusive leadership behaviours exhibited by clinical unit supervisors are a valuable job resource, which can be incorporated as one of the competencies training for medical staff.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqae081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T02:27:38Z","timestamp":1726885658000},"page":"589-595","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Coronavirus pandemic derived demands and inclusive leadership on junior doctors\u2019 well-being"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Y K","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Jen-Ai Hospital , Taichung,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7534-9643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B Y-J","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2000.01343.x","article-title":"Situated learning in the practice placement","volume":"31","author":"Cope","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511815355","volume-title":"Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation","author":"Lave","year":"1991"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V41N10p444","article-title":"The health-related quality of life of junior doctors","volume":"41","author":"Tong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singap"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2014-204514","article-title":"A longitudinal study of well-being, confidence and competence in junior doctors and the impact of emergency medicine placements","volume":"33","author":"Mason","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e065639","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-065639","article-title":"Qualitative study to explore UK medical students\u2019 and junior doctors\u2019 experiences of occupational stress and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Tawse","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2021.0272","article-title":"Junior doctors\u2019 wellbeing at peak and post-peak pandemic: a repeated cross-sectional study","volume":"105","author":"Doulias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e291","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000002505","article-title":"Differential Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health symptoms and working conditions for senior and junior doctors in Australian hospitals","volume":"64","author":"Pascoe","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2011.tb03063.x","article-title":"Distressed doctors: a hospital-based support program for poorly performing and \u2018at-risk\u2019 junior medical staff","volume":"194","author":"Dwyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.14041","article-title":"Understanding the professional satisfaction of hospital trainees in Australia","volume":"54","author":"Lennon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqad102","article-title":"East Midlands Surgical Academic Network (EMSAN) Burnout Study Group. Management standards and burnout among surgeons in the United Kingdom","volume":"73","author":"Houdmont","year":"2023","journal-title":"Occup Med (Lond)"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1080\/10400419.2010.504654","article-title":"Inclusive leadership and employee involvement in creative tasks in the workplace: the mediating role of psychological safety","volume":"22","author":"Carmeli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Creat Res J"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/10967494.2019.1680465","article-title":"Facilitating learning to improve performance of law enforcement workgroups: the role of inclusive leadership behavior","volume":"24","author":"Hassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Public Manag J"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrmr.2017.07.002","article-title":"Inclusive leadership: realizing positive outcomes through belongingness and being valued for uniqueness","volume":"28","author":"Randel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Resour Manag"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.2015.43.6.931","article-title":"Inclusive leadership and work engagement: mediating roles of affective organizational commitment and creativity","volume":"43","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Behav Pers."},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2011.11.009","article-title":"Linking leader inclusiveness to work unit performance: the importance of psychological safety and learning from failures","volume":"23","author":"Hirak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Leadersh Q"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14637","article-title":"How inclusive leadership paves way for psychological well-being of employees during trauma and crisis: a three-wave longitudinal mediation study","volume":"77","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1177\/0033294120953558","article-title":"Inclusive leadership and pro-social rule breaking: the role of psychological safety, leadership identification and leader-member exchange","volume":"124","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1108\/02683940710733115","article-title":"The job demands\u2013resources model: state of the art","volume":"22","author":"Bakker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Manag Psychol"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.86.3.499","article-title":"The job demands resources model of burnout","volume":"86","author":"Demerouti","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2005.00250.x","article-title":"How dentists cope with their job demands and stay engaged: the moderating role of job resources","volume":"113","author":"Hakanen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0021","first-page":"CD013740","article-title":"Mindfulness-based psychological interventions for improving mental well-being in medical students and junior doctors","volume":"12","author":"Sekhar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0022","volume-title":"Job Content Instrument: Questionnaire and User\u2018s Guide","author":"Karasek","year":"1985"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704002247","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Hong Kong in 2003: stress and psychological impact among frontline healthcare workers","volume":"34","author":"Tam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0024","author":"Stamm","year":"2009","journal-title":"Professional Quality of Life: Compassion Satisfaction and Fatigue Version 5 (ProQOL)"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0025","volume-title":"The Concise ProQOL Manual","author":"Stamm","year":"2010","edition":"2"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1093\/labmed\/27.11.736","article-title":"Career commitment: nature, nurture, or both","volume":"27","author":"Lunz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lab Med"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2024.2322719","article-title":"Junior doctors\u2019 well-being and the determinants based on ability\u2013motivation\u2013opportunity (AMO) theory: educational and managerial implications from a three-year longitudinal observation after graduation","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2014.12.014","article-title":"The number of subjects per variable required in linear regression analyses","volume":"68","author":"Austin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.15720","article-title":"The workplace and psychosocial experiences of Australian junior doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"52","author":"Hunter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12311","DOI":"10.1002\/1348-9585.12311","article-title":"Cross- sectional study exploring the association between stressors and burnout in junior doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom","volume":"64","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Occup Health"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-021-02698-w","article-title":"Professional and personal opinions of doctors in training during the first wave of the COVID19 pandemic","volume":"191","author":"Farooq","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24140","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000024140","article-title":"The self-psychological safety maintenance and its influencing factors of community frontline staff during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"100","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltim)"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-8791(73)90050-X","article-title":"A factorial investigation of career salience","volume":"3","author":"Greenhaus","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Voc Behav"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2020-139575","article-title":"COVID-19 impact on junior doctor education and training: a scoping review","volume":"98","author":"Seifman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50996","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the career of junior doctors","volume":"214","author":"Johnston","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666477","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.666477","article-title":"Moderating multiple mediation model of the impact of inclusive leadership on employee innovative behavior","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12689","article-title":"Psychological safety as a mediator of the relationship between inclusive leadership and nurse voice behaviors and error reporting","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nurs Scholarsh"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2015.08.017","article-title":"Beyond the body: a systematic review of the nonphysical effects of a surgical career","volume":"159","author":"Oskrochi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"2024112817112359800_CIT0039","first-page":"140","article-title":"The experience and reactions towards stage 1 COVID-19 among junior doctors in India","volume":"33","author":"Kathiravan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub"}],"container-title":["Occupational Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/occmed\/article-pdf\/74\/8\/589\/60897494\/kqae081.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/occmed\/article-pdf\/74\/8\/589\/60897494\/kqae081.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T17:12:04Z","timestamp":1732813924000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/occmed\/article\/74\/8\/589\/7762957"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/occmed\/kqae081","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-7480","1471-8405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-7480","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-8405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]}}}