{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T19:51:22Z","timestamp":1793476282509,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ARC North Thames"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000276","name":"Department of Health and Social Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley"},{"name":"NHS Foundation Trust"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR300592"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR300592"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Call-handlers and dispatchers (CHDs) working in specialized emergency and urgent communication centres are essential in supporting public safety and health. Evidence suggests that these professionals are at increased risk of mental health conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety and alcohol abuse among other conditions; however, reliable prevalence estimates remain undetermined.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We provide the estimated pooled prevalence for PTSD, depression, anxiety and hazardous drinking among emergency and urgent CHDs globally.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We searched 10 electronic databases, grey literature and the Annals of Emergency Dispatch and Response. Eligible studies reported original quantitative data and used validated self-reported measures on the prevalence of mental health conditions of interest (i.e. PTSD, depression, anxiety and alcohol use) within CHD professionals. Three reviewers independently screened results for eligibility. Prevalence estimates were pooled using random-effects meta-analyses.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In total, 16\u00a0857 references were retrieved. From these, 183 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, of which 37 articles were included in this systematic review, and 13 articles provided necessary quantitative information for meta-analyses. In total, 7759 CHDs were considered across nine different countries. The overall pooled prevalence for PTSD was 17.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 12.4\u221224.0%), depression was 28.2% (95% CI 20.7\u201336.2%), anxiety was 17.2% (95% CI 6.6\u201331.5%) and hazardous drinking was 17.8% (95% CI 6.9\u201332.2%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These findings indicate CHDs are at significant risk of mental health problems. Further quantitative and qualitative research is warranted to help understand the psychological risks of working as a CHD and guide appropriate psychological support.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqae104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T08:58:27Z","timestamp":1730710707000},"page":"282-291","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Systematic review and meta-analysis on the mental health of emergency and urgent call-handlers and dispatchers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7509-6949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C","family":"Os\u00f3rio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, University College London (UCL) , London W1T 7NF,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Talking Therapies Southwark, Guy\u2019s Hospital , London SE1 3SS,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Talwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, University College London (UCL) , London W1T 7NF,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7655-7986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S A M","family":"Stevelink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), Weston Education Centre, King\u2019s College London , London SE5 9RJ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H K","family":"Sihre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London (UCL) , London WC1E 6BT,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"NIHR Applied Research Collaboration North Thames , London WC1E 6BT,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Lamb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London (UCL) , London WC1E 6BT,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"NIHR Applied Research Collaboration North Thames , London WC1E 6BT,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1238-2440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J","family":"Billings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, University College London (UCL) , London W1T 7NF,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025091923310404900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X19004990","article-title":"Exploring the physical and mental health challenges associated 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