{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T18:11:17Z","timestamp":1788977477998,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a leading occupational health problem in Ethiopia, contributing to functional impairment and long\u2011term disability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the prevalence of MSDs in Ethiopia and identify associated ergonomic risk factors to inform occupational health policy and preventive strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review and meta\u2011analysis of 31 studies including 12\u2009419 participants from five Ethiopian regions was conducted. Pooled prevalence estimates and ergonomic risk factors were analysed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overall pooled prevalence of MSDs was 63% (95% confidence interval: 53.05\u201372.35). Regional variation was observed, with Addis Ababa reporting the highest prevalence (81%) and the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples\u2019 Region the lowest (48%). By occupation, sewing machine operators experienced the greatest burden (97%). Lower back pain was the most common MSD (43%). Significant ergonomic risk factors included awkward posture (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.74), prolonged sitting (AOR: 3.00) and repetitive work (AOR: 2.52). Protective factors such as older age, female sex and ergonomic training were associated with reduced risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MSDs are highly prevalent among Ethiopian workers, with marked variation across regions and occupations. The findings underscore the urgent need for workplace modifications, ergonomic training and policy interventions to reduce occupational MSD risks and safeguard long\u2011term workforce health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqag052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T11:45:21Z","timestamp":1779363921000},"page":"353-362","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and ergonomic risk factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8827-0766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R","family":"Wakoya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Menelik II Medical and Health Science , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Health Science College, Addis Ababa University , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S A","family":"Geneti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Health Science College, Addis Ababa University , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090913572310000_kqag052-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190662677.003.0023","article-title":"Musculoskeletal disorders","volume":"7","author":"Harris-Adamson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Occup Environ Heal"},{"key":"2026090913572310000_kqag052-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20750","article-title":"Risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review of recent longitudinal studies","volume":"323","author":"da Costa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"2026090913572310000_kqag052-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2015.08.002","article-title":"Economic impact of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) on work in Europe","volume":"29","author":"Bevan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026090913572310000_kqag052-B4","first-page":"1998","article-title":"European week for safety and health 2000","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026090913572310000_kqag052-B5","author":"World Health Organization. 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