{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T18:10:28Z","timestamp":1788977428395,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long working hours are recognized as an occupational hazard that may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, limited contemporary evidence exists from nationally representative US populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to examine the association between occupational working time and cardiovascular morbidity using the recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional analysis including 4502 adults from the 2021\u201323 NHANES dataset was conducted. Working hours were categorized into 1\u201334, 35\u201340, 41\u201354, and \u226555\u2009h per week. Cardiovascular outcomes included self-reported heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina, myocardial infarction, stroke and hypertension.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants working 35\u201340\u2009h last week had significantly lower odds of having coronary heart disease (odds ratio [OR]\u2009=\u20090.524; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.275\u20130.998), and angina (OR\u2009=\u20090.411; 95% CI 0.191\u20130.887) compared to those working 1\u201334\u2009h. Those working 41\u201354\u2009h also had reduced odds of angina (OR\u2009=\u20090.125; 95% CI 0.029\u20130.550). Conversely, working \u226555\u2009h last week was significantly associated with increased odds of hypertension (OR\u2009=\u20091.496; 95% CI 1.135\u20131.971). No significant association was found between working days per week and CV morbidity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Standard full-time work (35\u201340\u2009h\/week) may be protective against certain cardiovascular conditions, while long working hours (\u226555\u2009h\/week) may elevate hypertension risk. These findings support international calls to regulate excessive work hours and highlight the importance of balanced employment for better cardiovascular health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqag061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T16:18:50Z","timestamp":1783700330000},"page":"339-344","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between occupational working time and cardiovascular morbidity: a cross-sectional study of NHANES database"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2302-2651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N G","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Section, College of Medicine, King Khalid University , Abha, 61421,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090913571108800_kqag061-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2","article-title":"Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Murray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026090913571108800_kqag061-B2"},{"key":"2026090913571108800_kqag061-B3"},{"key":"2026090913571108800_kqag061-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-018-1049-9","article-title":"Long working hours and risk of cardiovascular disease","volume":"20","author":"Virtanen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"2026090913571108800_kqag061-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2025.108225","article-title":"Long working hours and cardiovascular disease mortality: prospective evidence from the United States","volume":"191","author":"Gu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"2026090913571108800_kqag061-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106595","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burdens of ischemic heart disease and stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours for 194 countries, 2000\u20132016: a systematic analysis from the WHO\/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury","volume":"154","author":"Pega","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026090913571108800_kqag061-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckx227","article-title":"Weekly hours of informal caregiving and paid work, and the risk of cardiovascular disease","volume":"28","author":"Mortensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"2026090913571108800_kqag061-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60295-1","article-title":"Long working hours and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished data for 603 838 individuals","volume":"386","author":"Kivim\u00e4ki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026090913571108800_kqag061-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2016.9","article-title":"Long working hours and cancer risk: a multi-cohort study","volume":"114","author":"Heikkila","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2026090913571108800_kqag061-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.2021-0217","article-title":"Stress and the gig economy: it\u2019s not all shifts and giggles","volume":"61","author":"Hafeez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ind Health"},{"key":"2026090913571108800_kqag061-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10510-8","article-title":"Do work ability and life satisfaction matter for return to work? 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