{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T05:41:39Z","timestamp":1792388499827,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"March on Stress Limited"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Workers in specialist and other high-risk roles can experience secondary traumatic stress and related symptoms through routine exposure to distressing material, yet organisational responses vary widely. Evidence for the effectiveness of commonly used approaches (e.g. screening, training, counselling\/debriefing, mindfulness\/resilience) remains uncertain and fragmented.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the effectiveness of mental health screening, training and psychological interventions in reducing psychological harm for employees exposed to potentially traumatic material.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five databases (Web of Science, Medline, PsycInfo, Embase, Scopus) were searched in March 2025, using a rapid review approach. A total of 9581 citations were screened for relevance; 28 studies were included in the final review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Quantitative findings showed no benefit of mental health screening, routine counselling, monitoring\/periodic assessment, mindfulness or resilience programs; mixed effects for training and neutral-to-adverse findings for debriefing. Qualitative findings favoured supervision and access to informal support; debriefing\/counselling results were mixed. Cross-sectional studies suggested associations between better organisational support and fewer psychological stress symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, efficacy evidence is limited and inconsistent across approaches. However, the strongest evidence suggests that organisations should avoid mandating psychological debriefing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqag092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T11:41:29Z","timestamp":1785843689000},"page":"417-423","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effectiveness of psychological interventions for remote workplace trauma: an evidence review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3884-3583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S K","family":"Brooks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9605-8202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R","family":"Guruswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4550-2971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N","family":"Greenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B1","volume-title":"WHO Guidelines on Mental Health at Work","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B2","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Stress and the Family, Vol. II: Coping with Catastrophe","author":"Figley","year":"1983"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02593-1","article-title":"The usefulness of pre-employment and pre-deployment psychological screening for disaster relief workers: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Opie","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.03.047","article-title":"A systematic review of the usefulness of pre-employment and pre-duty screening in predicting mental health outcomes amongst emergency workers","volume":"253","author":"Marshall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0242808","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242808","article-title":"Understanding and supporting law enforcement professionals working with distressing material: findings from a qualitative study","volume":"15","author":"Denk-Florea","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e076335","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-076335","article-title":"Updated recommendations for the cochrane rapid review methods guidance for rapid reviews of effectiveness","volume":"384","author":"Garritty","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1037\/h0099378","article-title":"Police officers\u2019 strategies for coping with the stress of investigating internet child exploitation","volume":"20","author":"Powell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Traumatology (Tallahass Fla)"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B8","volume-title":"Mental Health at Work: Policy Brief","author":"World Health Organization, International Labour Organization","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2741","article-title":"Secondary traumatic stress and secondary posttraumatic growth in a sample of Dutch police family liaison officers","volume":"33","author":"Kunst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-05445-w","article-title":"The mental health of officials who regularly examine child sexual abuse material: strategies for harm mitigation","volume":"23","author":"Mitchell","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B11","first-page":"233","article-title":"Can a cognitive-behavioral group-therapy training program for the treatment of child sexual abuse reduce levels of burnout and job-strain in trainees? Initial evidence of a Brazilian model","volume":"24","author":"Damasio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Paideia"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2019.04.001","article-title":"Supporting those who provide support: work-related resources and secondary traumatic stress among victim advocates","volume":"10","author":"Benuto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saf Health Work"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.13168","article-title":"Suicidal ideation, planning, and attempts changes among diverse Canadian public safety personnel after the emotional resilience skills training","volume":"55","author":"Nisbet","year":"2025","journal-title":"Suicide Life Threat Behav"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1037\/trm0000118","article-title":"Empathy, compassion fatigue, and burnout in police officers working with rape victims","volume":"23","author":"Turgoose","year":"2017","journal-title":"Traumatology (Tallahass Fla)"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931268","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.931268","article-title":"Practices and policies around wellness: insights from the internet crimes against children task force network","volume":"13","author":"Mitchell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104245","article-title":"Increasing child protection workforce retention through promoting a relational-reflective framework for resilience","volume":"110","author":"Russ","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449733","DOI":"10.1080\/23311908.2025.2449733","article-title":"Resources to mitigate health impairment among police employees investigating child abuse: a qualitative study exploring the availability of organisational support","volume":"12","author":"Loncar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cogent Psychol"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/10811440290057639","article-title":"Mental health of trauma-exposed firefighters and critical incident stress debriefing","volume":"7","author":"Harris","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Loss Trauma"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1700(199807)14:3<143::AID-SMI770>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Disaster-related post-traumatic stress in police officers: a field study of the impact of debriefing","volume":"14","author":"Carlier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stress Med"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1348\/000711200160327","article-title":"The influence of occupational debriefing on post-traumatic stress symptomatology in traumatized police officers","volume":"73","author":"Carlier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Med Psychol"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1177\/0032258X241228491","article-title":"\u2018It\u2019s why you get up in the morning\u2019. A Straussian grounded theory study of coping in police officers who investigate rape and child abuse","volume":"97","author":"Foley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Police J"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/07325223.2020.1767253","article-title":"Early career clinicians\u2019 supervision experiences related to secondary traumatic stress when treating child survivors of sexual abuse","volume":"39","author":"Wymer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Superv"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2025.108170","article-title":"Lean on me: the role of organizational and supervisory support in understanding work outcomes in victim advocates","volume":"171","author":"North","year":"2025","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1037\/h0099381","article-title":"Coping with secondary traumatic stress: differences between U.K. and U.S. child exploitation personnel","volume":"20","author":"Bourke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Traumatology (Tallahass Fla)"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1037\/trm0000372","article-title":"Does personal therapy and supervision protect against burnout and secondary traumatisation? A cross-sectional study among Danish child protection workers","volume":"29","author":"Skar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Traumatology (Tallahass Fla)"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/15548732.2018.1502117","article-title":"Secondary traumatic stress and vicarious traumatization in child welfare professionals in Serbia","volume":"13","author":"Bol\u00edc","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Public Child Welf"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/03643107.2011.575333","article-title":"Organizational impacts on the secondary traumatic stress of social workers assisting family violence or sexual assault survivors","volume":"35","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adm Soc Work"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801209347469","article-title":"Secondary traumatic stress among domestic violence advocates: workplace risk and protective factors","volume":"15","author":"Slattery","year":"2009","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.10.008","article-title":"Child protection workers dealing with child abuse: the contribution of personal, social and organizational resources to secondary traumatization","volume":"51","author":"Weiss-Dagan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1177\/1468017320981363","article-title":"Secondary traumatic stress and vicarious post-traumatic growth among social workers who have worked with abused children","volume":"22","author":"Weiss-Dagan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Soc Work"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104355","article-title":"An exploration of child welfare caseworkers\u2019 experience of secondary trauma and strategies for coping","volume":"110","author":"Rienks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106194","article-title":"Analysis of implementation drivers of secondary traumatic stress (STS)-informed organizational change and experiences of STS and burnout in child welfare","volume":"141","author":"Whitt-Woosley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11745","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605231188047","article-title":"A socioecological approach to understanding secondary trauma in professionals working with survivors of sex trafficking: a hierarchical regression analysis","volume":"38","author":"Sprang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2023.107044","article-title":"Addressing secondary traumatic stress, burnout, resilience and turnover in the child welfare workforce: results from a 6-month, cluster-randomized control trial of resilience alliance","volume":"151","author":"Orsi-Hunt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1108\/PIJPSM-11-2012-0104","article-title":"A critical review of psychological instruments used in police officer selection","volume":"36","author":"Lough","year":"2013","journal-title":"Policing"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqaa008","article-title":"A prospective study of pre-employment psychological testing amongst police recruits","volume":"70","author":"Marshall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Occup Med (Lond)"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B37","first-page":"kqad098","article-title":"Workplace mental health screening for trauma-exposed workforces","author":"Greenberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Occup Med (Lond)"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B38","first-page":"CD000560","article-title":"Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","volume":"3","author":"Rose","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B39","volume-title":"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. NICE Guideline. [NG116]","author":"National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE)","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026101900564540900_kqag092-B40","first-page":"kqad143","article-title":"The world\u2019s psychiatrists update their position on workforce mental health","volume":"23","author":"Heron","year":"2024","journal-title":"Occup Med (Lond)"}],"container-title":["Occupational Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/occmed\/article-pdf\/76\/6\/417\/70632929\/kqag092.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/occmed\/article-pdf\/76\/6\/417\/70632929\/kqag092.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T04:56:59Z","timestamp":1792385819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/occmed\/article\/76\/6\/417\/8760911"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/occmed\/kqag092","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-7480","1471-8405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-7480","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-8405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}}}