{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:06:13Z","timestamp":1792652773264,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,22]],"date-time":"2017-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010114","name":"Yrj\u00f6 Jahnsson Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6621 to M.H."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6621 to M.H."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010114","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008969","name":"Alfred Kordelin Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008969","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/oep\/gpx052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,7]],"date-time":"2017-11-07T15:21:17Z","timestamp":1510068077000},"page":"485-508","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["More skilled, better paid: labour-market returns to postsecondary vocational education"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Petri","family":"B\u00f6ckerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Turku School of Economics, University of Turku, Finland; Labour Institute for Economic Research, and IZA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Haapanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business and Economics, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, FI-40014 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Jepsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Geary Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland; IZA, and CES-Ifo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.red.2008.01.002","article-title":"The aggregate labor market effects of the Swedish knowledge lift program,","volume":"12","author":"Albrecht","year":"2009","journal-title":"Review of Economic Dynamics"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B2","author":"Bahr","year":"2016"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B3","author":"Bahr","year":"2016"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/0091552110395575","article-title":"The benefits of attending community college: a review of the evidence,","volume":"39","author":"Belfield","year":"2011","journal-title":"Community College Review"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B5","author":"Belfield","year":"2017"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1093\/oxrep\/grr011","article-title":"Young people and the great recession,","volume":"27","author":"Bell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oxford Review of Economic Policy"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226056845.001.0001","volume-title":"Youth Employment and Joblessness in Advanced Countries","author":"Blanchflower","year":"2000"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2009.02.004","article-title":"Labour market effects of the polytechnic education reform: the Finnish experience,","volume":"28","author":"B\u00f6ckerman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Economics of Education Review"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-012-0454-4","article-title":"The effect of polytechnic reform on migration,","volume":"26","author":"B\u00f6ckerman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Population Economics"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B10","author":"B\u00f6ckerman","year":"2015"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B11","author":"Brunello","year":"2015"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B12","author":"Brunello","year":"2015"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B13","author":"Carruthers","year":"2015"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8586.00152","article-title":"The returns to academic and vocational qualifications in Britain,","volume":"54","author":"Dearden","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bulletin of Economic Research"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7757(01)00042-5","article-title":"Learning and earning in the middle, part I: national studies of pre-baccalaureate education","volume":"21","author":"Grubb","year":"2002","journal-title":"Economics of Education Review"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7757(01)00043-7","article-title":"Learning and earning in the middle, part II: state and local studies of pre-baccalaureate education","volume":"21","author":"Grubb","year":"2002","journal-title":"Economics of Education Review"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2011.11.001","article-title":"Is it ever too late to study? The economic returns on late tertiary degrees to attendance,","volume":"31","author":"H\u00e4llsten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Economics of Education Review"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9442.2008.00560.x","article-title":"Signalling or human capital: evidence from the Finnish polytechnic school reform,","volume":"110","author":"H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Economics"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2004.04.010","article-title":"Estimating the returns to community college schooling for displaced workers","volume":"125","author":"Jacobson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Econometrics"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1177\/001979390505800305","article-title":"The impact of community college retraining on older displaced workers: should we teach old dogs new tricks?","volume":"58","author":"Jacobson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Industrial and Labor Relations Review"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/19345747.2015.1116033","article-title":"Examining the earnings trajectories of community college students using a piecewise growth curve modelling approach,","volume":"9","author":"Jaggars","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B22","author":"Jepsen","year":"2012"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1086\/671809","article-title":"The labor-market returns to community college degrees, diplomas, and certificates,","volume":"32","author":"Jepsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Labor Economics"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B24","volume-title":"Handbook of the Economics of Education","author":"Koedel","year":"2016"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1353\/jhr.2012.0031","article-title":"The impact of college on migration: evidence from the Vietnam generation,","volume":"47","author":"Malamud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Human Resources"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0084.2006.00160.x","article-title":"Further analysis of the returns to academic and vocational qualifications,","volume":"68","author":"McIntosh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B27","author":"Minaya","year":"2017"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.89.4.761","article-title":"Using state administrative data to measure program performance,","volume":"89","author":"Mueser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264199408-en","volume-title":"Polytechnic Education in Finland. Reviews of National Policies for Education","author":"OECD","year":"2003"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B30","article-title":"Unobservable selection and coefficient stability: theory and evidence","author":"Oster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Business & Economic Statistics"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2516.2010.00330.x","article-title":"Kosten und nutzen der ausbildung an terti\u00e4rbildungsinstitutionen im vergleich","volume":"11","author":"Riphahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B32","volume-title":"Higher Education and Graduate Employment in Europe: Results from Graduates Surveys in Twelve Countries","author":"Schomburg","year":"2006"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B33","author":"Shapiro","year":"2014"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2011.04.008","article-title":"Using longitudinal data to evaluate publicly provided formal education for low skilled,","volume":"30","author":"Stenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Economics of Education Review"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeoa.2016.01.001","article-title":"Flexibility at a cost \u2013 should governments stimulate tertiary education for adults?","volume":"7","author":"Stenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the Economics of Ageing"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B36","author":"Stevens","year":"2015"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B37","author":"Verhaest","year":"2015"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018121000345541900_gpx052-B38","volume-title":"Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data","author":"Wooldridge","year":"2001"}],"container-title":["Oxford Economic Papers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/oep\/article-pdf\/70\/2\/485\/27073380\/gpx052.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,5]],"date-time":"2019-10-05T15:40:20Z","timestamp":1570290020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/oep\/article\/70\/2\/485\/4772277"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oep\/gpx052","relation":{},"ISSN":["0030-7653","1464-3812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0030-7653","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]]}}}