{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T05:53:53Z","timestamp":1771566833989,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]],"date-time":"2020-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1-AI106701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1-AI106701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health Cooperative Agreement","award":["U01AI068636"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI068636"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Medicine of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We determined the levels of 11 soluble immune mediators in oral washings of AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5254 participants with varying degrees of plasma viremia and CD4 T-cell counts to characterize the mucosal immune response at different stages of HIV-1 infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A5254 was a multicenter, cross-sectional study in people with HIV (PWH) recruited into 4 strata based on CD4 count and levels of plasma viremia: stratum (St) A: CD4 \u2264200 cells\/mm3, HIV-1 RNA (viral load [VL]) &amp;gt;1000 cps\/mL; St B: CD4 \u2264200, VL \u22641000; St C: CD4 &amp;gt;200, VL &amp;gt;1000; St D: CD4 &amp;gt;200, VL \u22641000. Oral\/throat washings were obtained from all participants. Soluble markers were tested in oral\/throat washings using a multibead fluorescent platform and were compared across strata. Linear regression was used to determine the associations between cytokines and HIV-1 in plasma and oral fluid.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>St A participants had higher levels of interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF\u03b1), and interferon gamma (IFN\u03b3) compared with St B and D (P = .02; P &amp;lt; .0001) but were not different from St C. IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12 were elevated in St A compared with the other 3 strata (P = .046; P &amp;lt; .0001). Linear regression demonstrated that oral HIV-1 levels were associated with IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF\u03b1 production (R &amp;gt; .40; P &amp;lt; .001) when controlling for CD4 count and opportunistic infections.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our results show that high levels of oral HIV-1, rather than low CD4 counts, were linked to the production of oral immune mediators. Participants with AIDS and uncontrolled viremia demonstrated higher levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory soluble immune mediators compared with participants with lower HIV-1 RNA. The interplay of HIV-1 and these immune mediators could be important in the oral health of PWH.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]],"date-time":"2020-02-13T09:53:18Z","timestamp":1581587598000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Oral Cytokine Levels Are More Linked to Levels of Plasma and Oral HIV-1 RNA Than to CD4+ T-Cell Counts in People With HIV"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4307-4934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph M","family":"Rocco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"York","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengli","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Shiboski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Cyriaque-Webster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luann","family":"Borowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huichao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith A","family":"Aberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dirk P","family":"Dittmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Ghannoum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles R","family":"Rinaldo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Macatangay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020030213194863900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1177\/154407370601900107","article-title":"The effects of HIV infection on oral mucosal immunity","volume":"19","author":"Challacombe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv Dent Res"},{"key":"2020030213194863900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00241","article-title":"HIV infection and compromised mucosal immunity: oral manifestations and systemic inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Heron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2020030213194863900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12304","article-title":"Oral innate immunity in HIV infection in HAART era","volume":"45","author":"Nittayananta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"2020030213194863900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2005.01187.x","article-title":"Oral transmission of HIV, reality or fiction? 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