{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T01:57:40Z","timestamp":1783735060787,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]],"date-time":"2020-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research","award":["91716475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91716475"]}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust of Great Britain","award":["106158\/Z\/14\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106158\/Z\/14\/Z"]}]},{"name":"European Society of Paediatric Infectious Diseases"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Experimental murine models and human challenge studies of Salmonella Typhi infection have suggested that the gut microbiome plays an important protective role against the development of typhoid fever. Anaerobic bacterial communities have been hypothesized to mediate colonization resistance against Salmonella species by producing short-chain fatty acids, yet the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota in human patients with typhoid fever remain ill defined.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We prospectively collected fecal samples from 60 febrile patients admitted to Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh, with typhoid fever or nontyphoidal febrile illness and from 36 healthy age-matched controls. The collected fecal samples were subjected to 16s rRNA sequencing followed by targeted metabolomics analysis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients with typhoid fever displayed compositional and functional disruption of the gut microbiota compared with patients with nontyphoidal febrile illness and healthy controls. Specifically, typhoid fever patients had lower microbiota richness and alpha diversity and a higher prevalence of potentially pathogenic bacterial taxa. In addition, a lower abundance of short-chain fatty acid\u2013producing taxa was seen in typhoid fever patients. The differences between typhoid fever and nontyphoidal febrile illness could not be explained by a loss of colonization resistance after antibiotic treatment, as antibiotic exposure in both groups was similar.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>his first report on the composition and function of the gut microbiota in patients with typhoid fever suggests that the restoration of these intestinal commensal microorganisms could be targeted using adjunctive, preventive, or therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T21:13:47Z","timestamp":1593119627000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Altered Patterns of Compositional and Functional Disruption of the Gut Microbiota in Typhoid Fever and Nontyphoidal Febrile Illness"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3903-5441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bastiaan W","family":"Haak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna K","family":"de Jong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarantos","family":"Kostidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Giera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3383-3629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rapeephan R","family":"Maude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasheda","family":"Samad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Chittagong, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lalith","family":"Wijedoru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aniruddha","family":"Ghose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Chittagong, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Abul","family":"Faiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Dev Care Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M","family":"Parry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom"},{"name":"School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W Joost","family":"Wiersinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020072106364422300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.08.001","article-title":"The Typhoid Vaccine Acceleration Consortium (TyVAC): vaccine effectiveness study designs: accelerating the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines and reducing the global burden of enteric fever. 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