{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T09:00:45Z","timestamp":1790413245414,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Strategic Award for Medical Mycology and Fungal Immunology","award":["097377\/Z\/11\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["097377\/Z\/11\/Z"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"NIHR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Official Development Assistance"},{"name":"Spinoza Grant"},{"name":"Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research"},{"name":"ERC Advanced Grant","award":["833247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["833247"]}]},{"name":"Radboud University Medical Center Hypatia Tenure Track","award":["2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001704","name":"European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000403","name":"Meningitis Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000403","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"South African Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Innovation"},{"name":"National Research Foundation of South Africa"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["098316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["098316"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203135\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203135\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology"},{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa","award":["64787"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["64787"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa","award":["UID: 85858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID: 85858"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cryptococcus is the most common cause of meningitis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected Africans. Despite universal exposure, only 5%\u201310% of patients with HIV\/acquired immune deficiency syndrome and profound CD4+ T-cell depletion develop disseminated cryptococcosis: host genetic factors may play a role. Prior targeted immunogenetic studies in cryptococcosis have comprised few Africans.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We analyzed genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotype data from 524 patients of African descent: 243 cases (advanced HIV with cryptococcal antigenemia and\/or cryptococcal meningitis) and 281 controls (advanced HIV, no history of cryptococcosis, negative serum cryptococcal antigen).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Six loci upstream of the colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) gene, encoding macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) were associated with susceptibility to cryptococcosis at P\u2005&amp;lt;\u200510\u20136 and remained significantly associated in a second South African cohort (83 cases; 128 controls). Meta-analysis of the genotyped CSF1 SNP rs1999713 showed an odds ratio for cryptococcosis susceptibility of 0.53 (95% confidence interval, 0.42\u20130.66; P\u2005=\u20055.96\u2005\u00d7\u200510\u22128). Ex vivo functional validation and transcriptomic studies confirmed the importance of macrophage activation by M-CSF in host defence against Cryptococcus in HIV-infected patients and healthy, ethnically matched controls.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This first genome-wide association study of susceptibility to cryptococcosis has identified novel and immunologically relevant susceptibility loci, which may help define novel strategies for prevention or immunotherapy of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T11:44:53Z","timestamp":1602848693000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Novel Colony Stimulating Factor 1 Locus Conferring Susceptibility to Cryptococcosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected South Africans"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Shichina","family":"Kannambath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George\u2019s University of London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 Hospital and King\u2019s College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph N","family":"Jarvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel M","family":"Wake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George\u2019s University of London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Group in Infection, St George\u2019s Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicky","family":"Longley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George\u2019s University of London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Loyse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George\u2019s University of London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicky","family":"Matzaraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Aguirre-Gamboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cisca","family":"Wijmenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronan","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Paximadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline T","family":"Tiemessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinod","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Pittman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George\u2019s University of London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graeme","family":"Meintjes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas S","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George\u2019s University of London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Group in Infection, St George\u2019s Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai G","family":"Netea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2676-838X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tihana","family":"Bicanic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George\u2019s University of London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Group in Infection, St George\u2019s Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30243-8","article-title":"Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an updated analysis","volume":"17","author":"Rajasingham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1710922","article-title":"Antifungal combinations for treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in Africa","volume":"378","author":"Molloy","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.167","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningitis: epidemiology, immunology, diagnosis and therapy","volume":"13","author":"Williamson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E66","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.5.e66","article-title":"Serologic evidence for Cryptococcus neoformans infection in early childhood","volume":"107","author":"Goldman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60164-7","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningitis screening and community-based early adherence support in people with advanced HIV infection starting antiretroviral therapy in Tanzania and Zambia: an open-label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"385","author":"Mfinanga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1006207","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006207","article-title":"Immune correlates of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"13","author":"Tenforde","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0007","first-page":"1","article-title":"Association of Fc\u03b3 receptor IIB polymorphism with cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-uninfected chinese patients","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir152","article-title":"Genotypes coding for mannose-binding lectin deficiency correlated with cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-uninfected Chinese patients","volume":"203","author":"Ou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00573","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00573-13","article-title":"Fc gamma receptor 3A polymorphism and risk for HIV-associated cryptococcal disease","volume":"4","author":"Rohatgi","year":"2013","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.639","article-title":"Genome-wide association analyses identifies a susceptibility locus for tuberculosis on chromosome 18q11.2","volume":"42","author":"Thye","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.388","article-title":"Genome-wide and fine-resolution association analysis of malaria in West Africa","volume":"41","author":"Jallow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11334","article-title":"Genome-wide association study indicates two novel resistance loci for severe malaria","volume":"489","author":"Timmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3114","article-title":"Human genetic susceptibility to infectious disease","volume":"13","author":"Chapman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1086\/518607","article-title":"Fungal burden, early fungicidal activity, and outcome in cryptococcal meningitis in antiretroviral-naive or antiretroviral-experienced patients treated with amphotericin B or fluconazole","volume":"45","author":"Bicanic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283536a93","article-title":"Adjunctive interferon-\u03b3 immunotherapy for the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Jarvis","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir745","article-title":"Comparison of the early fungicidal activity of high-dose fluconazole, voriconazole, and flucytosine as second-line drugs given in combination with amphotericin B for the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"54","author":"Loyse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ936","article-title":"Cryptococcal antigen screening in patients initiating ART in South Africa: a prospective cohort study","volume":"62","author":"Longley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1086\/588792","article-title":"High-dose amphotericin B with flucytosine for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected patients: a randomized trial","volume":"47","author":"Bicanic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz485","article-title":"Cryptococcal-related mortality","volume":"70","author":"Wake","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0206113","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus infection and macrophage cholesterol metabolism","volume":"80","author":"Bukrinsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000839","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000839","article-title":"Identification of host-dependent survival factors for intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis through an siRNA screen","volume":"6","author":"Jayaswal","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3114","article-title":"Human genetic susceptibility to infectious disease","volume":"13","author":"Chapman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222236","article-title":"Tackling human fungal infections","volume":"336","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4675","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5675","article-title":"Immunochip SNP array identifies novel genetic variants conferring susceptibility to candidaemia","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2343","article-title":"Functional genomics","volume":"4","author":"Smeekens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-85","article-title":"M-CSF increases proliferation and phagocytosis while modulating receptor and transcription factor expression in adult human microglia","volume":"10","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-05-714329","article-title":"CSF-1-induced Src signaling can instruct monocytic lineage choice","volume":"129","author":"Endele","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.9.2162","article-title":"Effect of in vivo macrophage colony-stimulating factor on fungistasis of bronchoalveolar and peritoneal macrophages against Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"38","author":"Nassar","year":"1994","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.1.173","article-title":"Macrophage colony-stimulating factor induction of enhanced macrophage anticryptococcal activity: synergy with fluconazole for killing","volume":"170","author":"Brummer","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1998.1366","article-title":"Development of macrophage anticryptococcal activity in vitro is dependent on endogenous M-CSF","volume":"189","author":"Brummer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20110866","article-title":"Coordinate regulation of tissue macrophage and dendritic cell population dynamics by CSF-1","volume":"208","author":"Tagliani","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20121999","article-title":"IL-4 directly signals tissue-resident macrophages to proliferate beyond homeostatic levels controlled by CSF-1","volume":"210","author":"Jenkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0033","article-title":"Function of CSF1 and IL34 in macrophage homeostasis, inflammation, and cancer","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"[published online ahead of print September 04, 2019] Front Immunol"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.09.035","article-title":"Signal integration and transcriptional regulation of the inflammatory response mediated by the GM-\/M-CSF signaling axis in human monocytes","volume":"29","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-09-379214","article-title":"Therapeutic applications of macrophage colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and antagonists of CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) signaling","volume":"119","author":"Hume","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1006046","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006046","article-title":"Macrophage colony stimulating factor derived from CD4+ T cells contributes to control of a blood-borne infection","volume":"12","author":"Fontana","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4682","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.8.4682-4686.2002","article-title":"Colony-stimulating factor 1-dependent cells protect against systemic infection with Listeria monocytogenes but facilitate neuroinvasion","volume":"70","author":"Jin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4892","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.7.4892","article-title":"Relative levels of M-CSF and GM-CSF influence the specific generation of macrophage populations during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"180","author":"Higgins","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004754","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid cytokine profiles predict risk of early mortality and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"11","author":"Jarvis","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001382","article-title":"The CSF immune response in HIV-1-associated cryptococcal meningitis: macrophage activation, correlates of disease severity, and effect of antiretroviral therapy","volume":"75","author":"Scriven","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI72950","article-title":"Efficient phagocytosis and laccase activity affect the outcome of HIV-associated cryptococcosis","volume":"124","author":"Sabiiti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01435","article-title":"The HIV reservoir in monocytes and macrophages","volume":"10","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01693","article-title":"Role of monocyte\/macrophages during HIV\/SIV infection in adult and pediatric acquired immune deficiency syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Merino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030134","article-title":"Apoptotic killing of HIV-1-infected macrophages is subverted by the viral envelope glycoprotein","volume":"3","author":"Swingler","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-005-9003-1","article-title":"Macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the pathogenesis of HIV infection: potential target for therapeutic intervention","volume":"1","author":"Haine","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0046","article-title":"Colony","volume":"6","author":"Rovida","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Cell Immunol"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.59.3.868-872.1991","article-title":"Macrophage colony-stimulating factor in murine candidiasis: serum and tissue levels during infection and protective effect of exogenous administration","volume":"59","author":"Cenci","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0048","first-page":"95","article-title":"The deleterious effect of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) on the pathology of experimental candidiasis in mice","volume":"11","author":"Hume","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lymphokine Cytokine Res"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V82.5.1422.1422","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of patients with invasive fungal disease who received adjunctive therapy with recombinant human macrophage colony-stimulating factor","volume":"82","author":"Nemunaitis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2020112503163543000_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-015-0799-6","article-title":"AMBITION-cm: intermittent high dose AmBisome on a high dose fluconazole backbone for cryptococcal meningitis induction therapy in sub-Saharan Africa: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Molefi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trials"}],"container-title":["Open Forum Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa489\/33900569\/ofaa489.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/7\/11\/ofaa489\/34500937\/ofaa489.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/7\/11\/ofaa489\/34500937\/ofaa489.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T09:01:44Z","timestamp":1606294904000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa489\/5925041"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa489","relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-8957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2328-8957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]},"article-number":"ofaa489"}}