{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:10:24Z","timestamp":1753877424440,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]],"date-time":"2020-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603152000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/open-government-licence\/version\/2\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Increased microbial translocation (MT) into the systemic circulation is associated with liver disease progression. MT has yet to be completely defined in chronic hepatitis B (HBV) and chronic hepatitis D (HDV).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To characterize MT and associated immune response in chronic HBV and HDV at various stages of disease.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Serum from 53 HBV, 43 HDV, and 36 healthy control (HC) subjects was obtained. Subjects were categorized by aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index into mild (&amp;lt;0.5), moderate, and severe (&amp;gt;1.0) disease. Cytokines, microbial products, and microbial DNA levels were assessed in a single treatment-na\u00efve time point for each patient. Next-generation sequencing identified bacterial species present within patient sera.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>HBV and HDV subjects display higher serum concentrations of gram-negative (G-) bacterial lipopolysaccharide and fungal beta-glucan compared to HC (all p&amp;lt;0.01). Gram-positive (G+) bacterial peptidoglycan is higher in HBV compared to HDV and HC (both p&amp;lt;0.0001). Within both disease cohorts, peptidoglycan correlates with IL-1b, IL-8, IL-12p70, and IL-13 (all spearman-r&amp;gt;0.45, p&amp;lt;0.05). Next-generation sequencing from seven subjects with detectable serum bacterial DNA revealed changes in abundance of bacterial taxa and a higher proportion of gram-positive genera in severe disease. Greater G+\/G- taxa ratio is associated with higher cytokine levels and disease markers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>HBV and HDV patients display increased translocation of bacterial and fungal products into serum. Increased proportion of gram-positive genera is associated with disease progression. Correlations of peptidoglycan with anti-microbial cytokines suggests particular microbial classes may contribute to systemic inflammation and possibly disease progression.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]],"date-time":"2020-10-20T14:35:15Z","timestamp":1603204515000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Microbial Translocation in the Context of Hepatitis B Infection and Hepatitis D Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3102-8033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth C","family":"Townsend","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace Y","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rabab","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pallavi","family":"Surana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"Firke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mi Sun","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma Ai Thanda","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meital","family":"Gewirtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James A","family":"Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David E","family":"Kleiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4755-5607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theo","family":"Heller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]]},"container-title":["Open Forum Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa496\/33961618\/ofaa496.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa496\/33961618\/ofaa496.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]],"date-time":"2020-10-20T14:35:16Z","timestamp":1603204516000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa496\/5932391"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa496","relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-8957"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2328-8957"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]]},"article-number":"ofaa496"}}