{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:18:00Z","timestamp":1790108280830,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1DP2AI145058-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1DP2AI145058-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T15LM007059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T15LM007059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antibiotics are among the most frequently administered drugs globally, yet they are often prescribed inappropriately. Guidelines for prescribing are developed by expert committees at international and national levels to form regional standards and by local experts to form hospital guidance documents. Our aim was to assess variability in antibiotic prescription guidelines for both regional standards and individual hospitals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A search through 3 publicly accessible databases from February to June 2018 led to a corpus of English language guidance documents from 70 hospitals in 12 countries and regional standards from 7 academic societies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Guidelines varied markedly in content and structure, reflecting a paucity of rules governing their format. We compared recommendations for 3 common bacterial infections: community-acquired pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and cellulitis. Hospital guidance documents and regional standards frequently disagreed on preferable antibiotic classes for common infections. Where agreement was observed, guidance documents appeared to inherit recommendations from their respective regional standards. Several regional prescribing patterns were identified, including a greater reliance on penicillins over cephalosporins in the United Kingdom and fluoroquinolones in the United States. Regional prescribing patterns could not be explained by antibiotic resistance or costs. Additionally, literature that cited underlying recommendations did not support the magnitude of recommendation differences observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The observed discordance among prescription recommendations highlights a lack of evidence for superior treatments, likely resulting from a preponderance of noninferiority trials comparing antibiotics. In response, we make several suggestions for developing guidelines that support best practices of antibiotic stewardship.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T01:09:36Z","timestamp":1608599376000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Discordance Among Antibiotic Prescription Guidelines Reflects a Lack of Clear Best Practices"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Lauren M","family":"Rost","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M Hong","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"},{"name":"Antibiotic Management Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelius J","family":"Clancy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"},{"name":"VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan K","family":"Shields","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"},{"name":"Antibiotic Management Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1457-4019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik S","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"},{"name":"Pittsburgh Center for Evolutionary Biology and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021012918354198900_CIT0001","volume-title":"Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2013","author":"CDC","year":"2013"},{"key":"2021012918354198900_CIT0002","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guideline-concordant antibiotic prescribing for pediatric outpatients with otitis media, community-acquired pneumonia, and skin and soft tissue infections in a large multispecialty healthcare system","volume":"2","author":"Saleh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Res Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021012918354198900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1086\/498119","article-title":"Antibiotic prescription for community-acquired pneumonia in the intensive care unit: impact of adherence to Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines on survival","volume":"41","author":"Bod\u00ed","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021012918354198900_CIT0004","first-page":"769","article-title":"Adherence to the Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection. 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