{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T16:16:38Z","timestamp":1789402598796,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI120938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI120938"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI120938S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI120938S1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI128779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI128779"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI052733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI052733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI15207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI15207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N272201400007C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N272201400007C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32AI102623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AI102623"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1K23HL151826-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1K23HL151826-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL059842"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL059842"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015283","name":"Bloomberg Philanthropies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015283","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911QY2090012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911QY2090012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The efficacy of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent plasma (CCP) is primarily ascribed as a source of neutralizing anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies. However, the composition of other immune components in CCP and their potential roles remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to describe the composition and concentrations of plasma cytokines and chemokines in eligible CCP donors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 20 prepandemic healthy blood donors without SARS-CoV-2 infection and 140 eligible CCP donors with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Electrochemiluminescence detection-based multiplexed sandwich immunoassays were used to quantify plasma cytokine and chemokine concentrations (n\u2005=\u200535 analytes). A SARS-CoV-2 microneutralization assay was also performed. Differences in the percentage of detection and distribution of cytokine and chemokine concentrations were examined by categorical groups using Fisher\u2019s exact and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among CCP donors (n\u2005=\u2005140), the median time since molecular diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 was 44 days (interquartile range\u2005=\u200538\u201350) and 9% (n\u2005=\u200512) were hospitalized due to COVID-19. Compared with healthy blood donor controls, CCP donors had significantly higher plasma levels of interferon (IFN)-\u03b3, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-15, IL-21, and macrophage-inflammatory protein-1, but lower levels of IL-1RA, IL-8, IL-16, and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.0014). The distributions of plasma levels of IL-8, IL-15, and IFN-inducible protein-10 were significantly higher among CCP donors with high (\u2265160) versus low (&amp;lt;40) anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titers (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.0014). The median levels of IL-6 were significantly higher among CCP donors who were hospitalized versus nonhospitalized (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.0014).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Heterogeneity in cytokine and chemokine composition of CCP suggests there is a different inflammatory state among the CCP donors compared with SARS-CoV-2 naive, healthy blood donors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T18:51:54Z","timestamp":1606416714000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Cytokine and Chemokine Levels in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Convalescent Plasma"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Tania S","family":"Bonny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eshan U","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianming","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan M","family":"Bloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M Kate","family":"Grabowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison G","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Littlefield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruchee","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E","family":"Benner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Laeyendecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shmuel","family":"Shoham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas C","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9402-9167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arturo","family":"Casadevall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3248-1761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Pekosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D","family":"Redd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron A R","family":"Tobian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI138745","article-title":"Deployment of convalescent plasma for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19","volume":"130","author":"Bloch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0002","author":"US Food and Drug Administration"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020007638","article-title":"Earlier the better: convalescent plasma","volume":"136","author":"Tobian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2020.102957","article-title":"Promoting access to COVID-19 convalescent plasma in low- and middle-income countries","author":"Bloch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transfus Apher Sci"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa581","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 antibody","volume":"222","author":"Benner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02257-20","article-title":"Comparative performance of five commercially available serologic assays to detect antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and identify individuals with high neutralizing titers","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6141","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI142004","article-title":"Sex, age, and hospitalization drive antibody responses in a COVID-19 convalescent plasma donor population","volume":"130","author":"Klein","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155143","article-title":"Altered cytokine levels and immune responses in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and related conditions","volume":"133","author":"Noroozi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.05.016","article-title":"Host factors associated with serologic inflammatory markers assessed using multiplex assays","volume":"85","author":"McKay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0010","first-page":"3","article-title":"Teoria statistica delle classi e calcolo delle probabilit\u00e1. Pubblicazioni del R Istituto Superiore di Scienze Economiche e Commerciali di Firenze","author":"Bonferroni","year":"1936"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tracli.2015.12.003","article-title":"Plasma therapy against infectious pathogens, as of yesterday, today and tomorrow","volume":"23","author":"Garraud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transfus Clin Biol"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0012","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 antibody signatures robustly predict diverse antiviral functions relevant for convalescent plasma therapy","author":"Natarajan","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1143","article-title":"Longitudinal dynamics of the neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1038-6","article-title":"A dynamic COVID-19 immune signature includes associations with poor prognosis","volume":"26","author":"Laing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.17052","article-title":"Cytokine levels in critically ill patients with COVID-19 and other conditions","volume":"324","author":"Kox","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2588-y","article-title":"Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19","volume":"584","author":"Lucas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa363","article-title":"Serum cytokine and chemokine profile in relation to the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 in China","volume":"222","author":"Chi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00065","article-title":"Cytokine-mediated regulation of plasma cell generation: IL-21 takes center stage","volume":"5","author":"Moens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.176.4.1227","article-title":"Interleukin 8 (IL-8) selectively inhibits immunoglobulin E production induced by IL-4 in human B cells","volume":"176","author":"Kimata","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3671","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.150.9.3671","article-title":"Human B cell proliferation and Ig secretion induced by recombinant CD40 ligand are modulated by soluble cytokines","volume":"150","author":"Armitage","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4570","article-title":"Inborn errors of type I IFN immunity in patients with life-threatening COVID-19","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2009.04.008","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory roles of TGF-beta, IL-10, and IL-22 in immunity and autoimmunity","volume":"9","author":"Sanjabi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4410","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.8.4410-4415.2004","article-title":"Analysis of serum cytokines in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25359","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25359","article-title":"Comparative and kinetic analysis of viral shedding and immunological responses in MERS patients representing a broad spectrum of disease severity","volume":"6","author":"Min","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102763","article-title":"Longitudinal characteristics of lymphocyte responses and cytokine profiles in the peripheral blood of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100463","article-title":"Follow-up study of the pulmonary function and related physiological characteristics of COVID-19 survivors three months after recovery","volume":"25","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2021020306462508900_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6930e1","article-title":"Symptom duration and risk factors for delayed return to usual health among outpatients with COVID-19 in a multistate health care systems network\u2014United States, March\u2013June 2020","volume":"69","author":"Tenforde","year":"2020","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"}],"container-title":["Open Forum Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa574\/34550880\/ofaa574.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/8\/2\/ofaa574\/36180752\/ofaa574.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/8\/2\/ofaa574\/36180752\/ofaa574.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]],"date-time":"2023-10-14T01:56:08Z","timestamp":1697248568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa574\/6006771"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa574","relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-8957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2328-8957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]},"article-number":"ofaa574"}}