{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T03:53:21Z","timestamp":1779249201490,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43 TW011401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW011401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"United Kingdom\u2019s Global Challenges Research Fund","award":["MR\/P028071\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P028071\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The risk of progression of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) to active disease increases with pregnancy. This study determined the prevalence and risk factors associated with LTBI among pregnant women in Uganda.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We enrolled 261 pregnant women, irrespective of gestational age. Participants who had known or suspected active tuberculosis (TB) on the basis of clinical evaluation or who had recently received treatment for TB were excluded. LTBI was defined as an interferon-\u03b3 concentration \u22650.35 IU\/mL (calculated as either TB1 [eliciting CD4+ T-cell responses] or TB2 [eliciting CD8+ T-cell responses] antigen minus nil) using QuantiFERON TB Gold-Plus (QFT-plus) assay.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>LTBI prevalence was 37.9% (n\u2005=\u200599) (95% confidence interval [CI], 32.3\u201344.0). However, 24 (9.2%) subjects had indeterminate QFT-plus results. Among participants with LTBI, TB1 and TB2 alone were positive in 11 (11.1%) and 18 (18.2%) participants, respectively. In multivariable analysis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.4 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.1\u201318.0]; P\u2005=\u2005.04) and age 30\u201339 years (aOR, 4.0 [95% CI, 1.2\u201312.7]; P\u2005=\u2005.02) were independently associated with LTBI. Meanwhile, smoking status, alcohol use, nature of residence, crowding index, and TB contact were not associated with LTBI.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings are in keeping with the evidence that HIV infection and advancing age are important risk factors for LTBI in pregnancy. In our setting, we recommend routine screening for LTBI and TB preventive therapy among eligible pregnant women.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T11:11:07Z","timestamp":1620731467000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Latent Tuberculosis Infection Status of Pregnant Women in Uganda Determined Using QuantiFERON TB Gold-Plus"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4515-8517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Bongomin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3418-8414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phillip","family":"Ssekamatte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Nattabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Uganda Martyrs Hospital Lubaga, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1289-0111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald","family":"Olum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Ninsiima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew Peter","family":"Kyazze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Winnie","family":"Nabakka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Uganda Martyrs Hospital Lubaga, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Kukunda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Uganda Martyrs Hospital Lubaga, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5156-037X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Cose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council\/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5127-3031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davis","family":"Kibirige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Uganda Martyrs Hospital Lubaga, Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"Medical Research Council\/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Batte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lung Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Kaddumukasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce J","family":"Kirenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"Lung Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annettee","family":"Nakimuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph Baruch","family":"Baluku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonology, Kiruddu National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"Directorate of Programs, Mildmay Uganda, Wakiso, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8303-6046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Andia-Biraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"Medical Research Council\/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021070723391847000_CIT0001","volume-title":"Latent tuberculosis infection. updated and consolidated guidelines for programatic management","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021070723391847000_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-829504","article-title":"Latent tuberculosis infection","volume":"25","author":"Nuermberger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2021070723391847000_CIT0003","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis report 2020","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"2021070723391847000_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e710","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70330-4","article-title":"Tuberculosis in pregnancy: an estimate of the global burden of 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