{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:19:17Z","timestamp":1788351557374,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Governments of Bangladesh, Canada, Sweden, and the United Kingdom"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI137164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI137164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pneumonia is a leading cause of sepsis and mortality in children under 5 years. However, our understanding of the causes of bacteremia in children with pneumonia is limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We characterized risk factors for bacteremia and death in a cohort of children admitted to the Dhaka Hospital of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) between 2014 and 2017 with radiographically confirmed pneumonia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 4007 young children were hospitalized with pneumonia over the study period. A total of 1814 (45%) had blood cultures obtained. Of those, 108 (6%) were positive. Gram-negative pathogens predominated, accounting for 83 (77%) of positive cultures. These included Pseudomonas (N\u2005=\u200522), Escherichia coli (N\u2005=\u200517), Salmonella enterica (N\u2005=\u200514, including 11 Salmonella Typhi), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (N\u2005=\u200511). Gram-positive pathogens included Pneumococcus (N\u2005=\u20057) and Staphylococcus aureus (N\u2005=\u20056). Resistance to all routinely used empiric antibiotics (ampicillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and ceftriaxone) for children with pneumonia at the icddr,b was observed in 20 of the 108 isolates. Thirty-one of 108 (29%) children with bacteremia died, compared to 124 of 1706 (7%) who underwent culture without bacteremia (odds ratio [OR], 5.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3\u20138.1; P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.001). Children infected with bacteria resistant to all routinely used empiric antibiotics were at greater risk of death compared to children without bacteremia (OR, 17.3; 95% CI, 7.0\u201343.1; P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteremia in young children with pneumonia in Dhaka, Bangladesh was associated with a high mortality rate. The pandemic of antibiotic resistance is shortening the lives of young children in Bangladesh, and new approaches to prevent and treat these infections are desperately needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T01:11:10Z","timestamp":1626311470000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteremia in Young Children Hospitalized With Pneumonia in Bangladesh Is Associated With a High Mortality Rate"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Mohammod Jobayer","family":"Chisti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason B","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan W","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K M","family":"Shahunja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abu S M S B","family":"Shahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter P","family":"Moschovis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara R","family":"Schenkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abu Sayem Mirza Md","family":"Hasibur Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lubaba","family":"Shahrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanveer","family":"Faruk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhad","family":"Kabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilruba","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4607-7439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tahmeed","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021071505124077000_CIT0001","first-page":"37","article-title":"Quantifying","volume":"20","author":"GBD 2017 Diarrhoeal Disease Collaborators.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021071505124077000_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2017: analysis for the global burden of disease 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