{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T02:34:09Z","timestamp":1778639649441,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Y1-AI-5072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y1-AI-5072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Defense Health Program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HU0001190002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HU0001190002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Recent price increases in medications used to treat helminth infections have had demonstrated impacts on Medicaid and immigrant patient populations. Helminth infections are common within the US military; however, anthelmintic prescribing patterns and costs have not yet been investigated in this patient population.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective analysis of pharmaceutical data from the Military Health System Data Repository between fiscal years 2012 and 2019. Prescription information, including costs and demographics, were abstracted for all anthelmintic medications as well as associated helminth diagnostic codes within 30 days of the prescription dispensing date.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>On average, there were 10\u00a0871 anthelmintic medications prescribed per year, for a total of 86\u00a0697 during the study period. Ivermectin and albendazole were each prescribed &amp;gt;34\u00a0000 times. There were 15\u00a0498 mebendazole prescriptions and 1327 praziquantel prescriptions. The total cost of all anthelmintic prescriptions was $16\u00a0018\u00a0381. Annual costs for anthelmintic medications increased 16-fold during the study period, up to nearly $5\u00a0000\u00a0000 in fiscal year 2019, primarily driven by price increases in albendazole and mebendazole. Albendazole prescriptions accounted for $12\u00a0282\u00a0891 of total costs (76.7%), though only 39.1% of total prescriptions. The most common diagnosis associated with albendazole and mebendazole prescriptions was enterobiasis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Price increases in anthelmintic medications have significantly impacted the costs borne by the US government for treating parasitic infections. There are a substantial number of anthelmintic prescriptions in the US military health care system annually, suggesting a higher number of helminth infections than previously thought.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T15:52:42Z","timestamp":1644853962000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Costs and Prescribing Patterns of Anthelmintics in the United States Military: A Retrospective Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0952-1975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alyssa R","family":"Lindrose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamie A","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick W","family":"Hickey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7506-3266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"Mitre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022021617434022900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.11237","article-title":"The high cost of prescription drugs in the United States: origins and prospects for reform.","volume":"316","author":"Kesselheim","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022021617434022900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix634","article-title":"Trends in pricing and generic competition within the oral antibiotic drug market in the United States.","volume":"65","author":"Alpern","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022021617434022900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1601559","article-title":"Essential medicines in the United States \u2014 why access is diminishing.","volume":"374","author":"Alpern","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022021617434022900_CIT0004","first-page":"690","article-title":"The costs of drugs in infectious diseases: branded, generics, and why we should care.","volume":"221","author":"Costantini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022021617434022900_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1408376","article-title":"High-cost generic drugs \u2014 implications for patients and policymakers.","volume":"371","author":"Alpern","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022021617434022900_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2013595","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.13595","article-title":"Characteristics and price increases among sole-source, off-patent drugs in the United States, 2008 to 2018.","volume":"3","author":"Alpern","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Network 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retrospective analysis of a nationally representative emergency department sample.","volume":"70","author":"Tripathi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022021617434022900_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000001031","article-title":"Common pediatric infestations: update on diagnosis and treatment of scabies, head lice, and bed bugs.","volume":"33","author":"Ogbuefi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"2022021617434022900_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1854","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usaa040","article-title":"A case of scabies presenting as chronic urticaria.","volume":"185","author":"Muller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"2022021617434022900_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.04.030","article-title":"The \u201carmy itch:\u201d a dermatological mystery of the American Civil War.","volume":"55","author":"Cropley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2022021617434022900_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1177\/8755122514533667","article-title":"Treatment options and considerations for intestinal helminthic infections.","volume":"30","author":"Lloyd","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pharm Technol"},{"key":"2022021617434022900_CIT0017","volume-title":"Comparing the costs of military treatment facilities with private sector care","author":"Lurie","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Open Forum Infectious 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