{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T05:21:50Z","timestamp":1769836910269,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a long-term sequela of acute rheumatic fever (ARF), which classically begins after an untreated or undertreated infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (Strep A). RHD develops after the heart valves are permanently damaged due to ARF. RHD remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in young adults in resource-limited and low- and middle-income countries. This article presents case definitions for latent, suspected, and clinical RHD for persons with and without a history of ARF, and details case classifications, including differentiating between definite or borderline according to the 2012 World Heart Federation echocardiographic diagnostic criteria. This article also covers considerations specific to RHD surveillance methodology, including discussions on echocardiographic screening, where and how to conduct active or passive surveillance (eg, early childhood centers\/schools, households, primary healthcare), participant eligibility, and the surveillance population. Additional considerations for RHD surveillance, including implications for secondary prophylaxis and follow-up, RHD registers, community engagement, and the negative impact of surveillance, are addressed. Finally, the core elements of case report forms for RHD, monitoring and audit requirements, quality control and assurance, and the ethics of conducting surveillance are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T05:26:38Z","timestamp":1663219598000},"page":"S50-S56","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Rheumatic Heart Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Amy","family":"Scheel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1142-7697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate M","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia , Nedlands, Western Australia , Australia"},{"name":"Perth Children\u2019s Hospital , Nedlands, Western Australia , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4963-355X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Beaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio , USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Katzenellenbogen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia , Nedlands, Western Australia , Australia"},{"name":"School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia , Nedlands, Western Australia , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Parks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital , London , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Cherian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MMGH Consulting , Geneva , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris A","family":"Van Beneden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC Foundation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey W","family":"Cannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia , Nedlands, Western Australia , Australia"},{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. 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Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6434-8290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah C","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia , Nedlands, Western Australia , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asha C","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia , Nedlands, Western Australia , Australia"},{"name":"Perth Children\u2019s Hospital , Nedlands, Western Australia , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan R","family":"Carapetis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia , Nedlands, Western Australia , Australia"},{"name":"Perth Children\u2019s Hospital , Nedlands, Western Australia , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"for the Strep A Vaccine Global Consortium (SAVAC) Burden of Disease Working Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022091517134095800_ofac250-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007038","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-007038","article-title":"Preceding group A Streptococcus skin and throat infections are individually associated with acute rheumatic fever: evidence from New Zealand","volume":"6","author":"Oliver","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2022091517134095800_ofac250-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15084","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.84","article-title":"Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart 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