{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T14:51:16Z","timestamp":1773499876872,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["215490\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["215490\/Z\/19\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a multiorgan inflammatory disorder that results from the body\u2019s autoimmune response to pharyngitis or a skin infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (Strep A). Acute rheumatic fever mainly affects those in low- and middle-income nations, as well as in indigenous populations in wealthy nations, where initial Strep A infections may go undetected. A single episode of ARF puts a person at increased risk of developing long-term cardiac damage known as rheumatic heart disease. We present case definitions for both definite and possible ARF, including initial and recurrent episodes, according to the 2015 Jones Criteria, and we discuss current tests available to aid in the diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>We outline the considerations specific to ARF surveillance methodology, including discussion on where and how to conduct active or passive surveillance (eg, early childhood centers\/schools, households, primary healthcare, administrative database review), participant eligibility, and the surveillance population. Additional considerations for ARF surveillance, including implications for secondary prophylaxis and follow-up, ARF registers, community engagement, and the impact of surveillance, are addressed. Finally, the core elements of case report forms for ARF, monitoring and audit requirements, quality control and assurance, and the ethics of conducting surveillance are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T05:26:23Z","timestamp":1663219583000},"page":"S41-S49","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Acute Rheumatic Fever"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Amy","family":"Scheel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4963-355X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea Z","family":"Beaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, The Heart Institute , Cincinnati, Ohio , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Katzenellenbogen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Parks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate M","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia , Nedlands , Western Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Cherian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MMGH Consulting , Geneva , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris A","family":"Van Beneden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC Foundation , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey W","family":"Cannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia , Nedlands , Western Australia"},{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6434-8290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah C","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia , Nedlands , Western Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asha C","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia , Nedlands , Western Australia"},{"name":"Perth Children\u2019s Hospital , Nedlands , Western Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan R","family":"Carapetis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia , Nedlands , Western Australia"},{"name":"Perth Children\u2019s Hospital , Nedlands , Western Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022091517135268800_ofac252-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32203-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"392","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022091517135268800_ofac252-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30999-1","article-title":"Acute rheumatic fever","volume":"392","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022091517135268800_ofac252-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61689-4","article-title":"Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990\u20132010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Murray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022091517135268800_ofac252-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.41.6.1077","article-title":"Eradication of rheumatic fever: an unfulfilled hope","volume":"41","author":"Markowitz","year":"1970","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2022091517135268800_ofac252-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1584.2007.00896.x","article-title":"Acute rheumatic fever: adherence to secondary prophylaxis and follow up of indigenous patients in the Katherine region of the northern territory","volume":"15","author":"Stewart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aust J Rural Health"},{"key":"2022091517135268800_ofac252-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-63982-8.00002-7","volume-title":"Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease","author":"Guilherme","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022091517135268800_ofac252-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15084","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.84","article-title":"Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease","volume":"2","author":"Carapetis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"2022091517135268800_ofac252-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-60-2-87","article-title":"Rheumatic fever in children and adolescents: a long-term epidemiologic study of subsequent prophylaxis, streptococcal infections, and clinical sequelae: VII. 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