{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T22:13:37Z","timestamp":1790374417890,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bourse Junior 2015\u2013Socie\u0301te\u0301 de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Franc\u0327aise"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Streptomyces are environmental gram-positive bacilli that can cause ubiquitous mycetoma and, more rarely, invasive infections. We describe the clinical relevance of Streptomyces spp. identified in human samples and characteristics of patients with invasive Streptomyces infections.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective (2006\u20132017) study of Streptomyces isolates identified in clinical samples in French microbiology laboratories. Streptomyces genus was confirmed by a specific 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction, and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole minimum inhibitory concentration (E-test) if resistance was suspected. Patient characteristics, treatments, and outcomes were collected. Invasive infection was defined as a positive culture from a sterile site with signs of infection but without cutaneous inoculation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of 137 Streptomyces isolates, all were susceptible to amikacin (113\/113) and linezolid (112\/112), and 92.9% to imipenem (105\/113). Using disk diffusion, 50.9% (57\/112) of isolates were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, but most of the apparently resistant isolates (25\/36, 69.4%) tested by E-test were ultimately classified as susceptible. Clinical data were obtained for 63\/137 (45.9%) isolates: 30 (47.6%) invasive infections, 8 (12.7%) primary cutaneous infections, 22 (34.9%) contaminations, 3 (4.7%) respiratory colonization. Patients with invasive infection were more frequently receiving corticosteroids than patients without invasive infection (11\/30, 36.7%, vs 2\/25, 8.0%; P\u2009=\u2009.03), and at 6-month follow-up, 14 of them were cured, 3 had relapsed, 4 were dead, and 9 were lost to follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Half of the clinical samples that grew Streptomyces were from patients with invasive infection. In that case, antimicrobial therapy should include 1 or 2 antibiotics among linezolid, amikacin, or imipenem.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T18:19:41Z","timestamp":1654539581000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Identification of <i>Streptomyces<\/i> spp. in a Clinical Sample: Always Contamination? Results of a French Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Gras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9 , Paris , France"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Antimicrobial Stewardship Team, European Hospital Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique\u2014H\u00f4pitaux de Paris , Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Bergeron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment, UMR CNRS5557, INRA1418 Ecologie Microbienne, French Observatory of Nocardiosis, Hospices Civils de Lyon , Lyon , France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup , Lyon , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathilde","family":"Puges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u00eflys","family":"Ducours","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Leleux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Teaching Hospital of Amiens , Amiens , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0998-0669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucie","family":"Amoureux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Teaching Hospital of Dijon , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baptiste","family":"Jean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Toulouse , Toulouse , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imane","family":"Bendjelloul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology and Hygiene, Hospital of Cahors , Cahors , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Camelena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Saint-Louis-Lariboisi\u00e8re Hospital, Assistance Publique\u2014H\u00f4pitaux de Paris , Paris , France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, INSERM UMR 1137, IAME , Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Chenouard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Hygiene, Teaching Hospital of Angers , Angers , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9978-6714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Mahieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Angers, University of Angers , Angers , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Lemenand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Hospital of Saint-Nazaire , Saint-Nazaire , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Toro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Hospital of Martigues , Martigues , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Lecoustumier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Hospital of Tarbes , Tarbes , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Lortholary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Centre d\u2019Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Assistance Publique\u2014H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, IHU Imagine , Paris , France"},{"name":"Institut Pasteur, CNRMA, CNRS, UMR 2000 , Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9ronica","family":"Rodriguez Nava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment, UMR CNRS5557, INRA1418 Ecologie Microbienne, French Observatory of Nocardiosis, Hospices Civils de Lyon , Lyon , France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup , Lyon , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7164-831X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Lebeaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9 , Paris , France"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Antimicrobial Stewardship Team, European Hospital Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique\u2014H\u00f4pitaux de Paris , Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the French Streptomyces Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022073010020314100_ofac271-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00019-15","article-title":"Taxonomy, physiology, and natural products of Actinobacteria","volume":"80","author":"Barka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol 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