{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:58:25Z","timestamp":1791244705916,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["215490\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["215490\/Z\/19\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Invasive group A streptococcal (Strep A) infections occur when Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as beta-hemolytic group A Streptococcus, invades a normally sterile site in the body. This article provides guidelines for establishing surveillance for invasive Strep A infections. The primary objective of invasive Strep A surveillance is to monitor trends in rates of infection and determine the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with laboratory-confirmed invasive Strep A infection, the age- and sex-specific incidence in the population of a defined geographic area, trends in risk factors, and the mortality rates and rates of nonfatal sequelae caused by invasive Strep A infections.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>This article includes clinical descriptions followed by case definitions, based on clinical and laboratory evidence, and case classifications (confirmed or probable, if applicable) for invasive Strep A infections and for 3 Strep A syndromes: streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, necrotizing fasciitis, and pregnancy-associated Strep A infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Considerations of the type of surveillance are also presented, noting that most people who have invasive Strep A infections will present to hospital and that invasive Strep A is a notifiable disease in some countries. Minimal surveillance necessary for invasive Strep A infection is facility-based, passive surveillance. A resource-intensive but more informative approach is active case finding of laboratory-confirmed Strep A invasive infections among a large (eg, state-wide) and well defined population.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Participant eligibility, surveillance population, and additional surveillance components such as the use of International Classification of Disease diagnosis codes, follow-up, period of surveillance, seasonality, and sample size are discussed. Finally, the core data elements to be collected on case report forms are presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T05:26:18Z","timestamp":1663219578000},"page":"S31-S40","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infections"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1142-7697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate M","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia , Nedlands, Western Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3965-8323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa","family":"Lamagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency , London , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Cherian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MMGH Consulting GmBH , Geneva , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1321-9605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey W","family":"Cannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia , Nedlands, Western Australia"},{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Parks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital , London , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A","family":"Adegbola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigerian Institute of Medical Research , Lagos , Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janessa","family":"Pickering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia , Nedlands, Western Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia , Nedlands, Western Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark E","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AFROStrep Research Initiative, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4334-5351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurens","family":"Manning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia , Nedlands, Western Australia"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Fiona Stanley Hospital , Perth, Western Australia , Australia"},{"name":"Medical School, University of Western Australia , Perth, Western Australia , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3242-1155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asha C","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia , Nedlands, Western Australia"},{"name":"Perth Children\u2019s Hospital , Nedlands, Western Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Western Australia , Nedlands, Western Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1182-9792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan R","family":"Carapetis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia , Nedlands, Western Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Western Australia , Nedlands, Western Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6434-8290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah C","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia , Nedlands, Western Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5687-7942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dylan D","family":"Barth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia , Nedlands, Western Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Western Australia , Nedlands, Western Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C","family":"Kaslow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PATH , Seattle, 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