{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T20:48:40Z","timestamp":1771966120397,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["75D30120C07986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75D30120C07986"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Limited data exist on population-based risks and risk ratios (RRs) of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)\u2013associated hospitalizations and clinical outcomes stratified by age and race\/ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using data from electronic health records and claims from 4 US health systems for the period March 2020\u2013March 2021, we calculated risk and RR by age and race\/ethnicity for COVID-19\u2013associated hospitalizations and clinical outcomes among adults (\u226518 years). COVID-19\u2013associated hospitalizations were defined based on COVID-19 discharge codes or a positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 result. Proportions of acute exacerbations of underlying conditions were estimated among hospitalized patients with select underlying conditions, stratified by age and race\/ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among 2.6 million adults included in the patient cohort, 6879 had COVID-19\u2013associated hospitalizations during March 2020\u2013March 2021 (risk: 264 per 100\u2009000 population). Compared with younger, non-Hispanic White adults, non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic adults aged \u226565 years had the highest hospitalization risk ratios (RR, 8.6; 95% CI, 7.6\u20139.9; and RR, 9.3; 95% CI, 8.5\u201310.3, respectively). Among hospitalized adults with COVID-19 and renal disease or cardiovascular disease, the highest proportion of acute renal failure (55.5%) or congestive heart failure (43.9%) occurred in older, non-Hispanic Black patients. Among hospitalized adults with chronic lung disease or asthma, the highest proportion of respiratory failure (62.9%) or asthma exacerbation (66.7%) occurred in older, Hispanic patients.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During the first year of the US COVID-19 pandemic in this cohort, older non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic adults had the highest relative risks of COVID-19\u2013associated hospitalization and adverse outcomes and, among those with select underlying conditions, the highest occurrences of acute exacerbations of underlying conditions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T01:48:31Z","timestamp":1664934511000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Relative Risks of COVID-19\u2013Associated Hospitalizations and Clinical Outcomes by Age and Race\/Ethnicity\u2014March 2020\u2013March 2021"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Catherine H","family":"Bozio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA , USA"},{"name":"Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Butterfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westat , Rockville, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie A","family":"Irving","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Research , Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Vazquez-Benitez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HealthPartners Institute , Bloomington, Minnesota , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toan C","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Colorado , Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California , Irvine, California , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah W","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westat , Rockville, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allison L","family":"Naleway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Research , Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Barron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Colorado , Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7944-7638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carrie","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA , USA"},{"name":"Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022100501482323400_ofac376-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6915e3","article-title":"Hospitalization rates and characteristics of patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019\u2014COVID-NET, 14 states, March 1\u201330, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Garg","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2022100501482323400_ofac376-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e206","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1012","article-title":"Risk factors for intensive care unit admission and in-hospital mortality among hospitalized adults identified through the US coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated hospitalization surveillance network (COVID-NET)","volume":"72","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022100501482323400_ofac376-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2025197","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.25197","article-title":"Characteristics associated with racial\/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 outcomes in an academic health care system","volume":"3","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2022100501482323400_ofac376-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa2011686","article-title":"Hospitalization and mortality among black patients and white patients with COVID-19","volume":"382","author":"Price-Haywood","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022100501482323400_ofac376-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6924e2","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 case surveillance\u2014United States, January 22\u2013May 30, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Stokes","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly 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