{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:48:30Z","timestamp":1774399710668,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Host-directed therapeutics targeting immune dysregulation are considered the most promising approach to address the unmet clinical need for acute lung injury (ALI)\/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To better understand the current clinical study landscape and gaps in treating hospitalized patients with severe or critical COVID-19, we identified COVID-19 trials developing host-directed therapies registered at ClinicalTrials.gov and discussed the factors contributing to the success vs failure of these studies. We have learned, instead of the one-size-fits-all approach, future clinical trials evaluating a targeted immunomodulatory agent in heterogeneous patients with ALI\/ARDS due to COVID-19 or other infectious diseases can use immune-based biomarkers in addition to clinical and demographic characteristics to improve patient stratification and inform clinical decision-making. Identifying distinct patient subgroups based on immune profiles across the disease trajectory, regardless of the causative pathogen, may accelerate evaluating host-directed therapeutics in trials of ALI\/ARDS and related conditions (eg, sepsis).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]],"date-time":"2022-07-30T18:09:14Z","timestamp":1659204554000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Applying Lessons Learned From COVID-19 Therapeutic Trials to Improve Future ALI\/ARDS Trials"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Qun","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases Division (IEIDD), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) , Washington DC , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meghan E","family":"Pennini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research Innovation and Ventures (DRIVe), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) , Washington DC , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie N","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear (CBRN), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) , Washington DC , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina L","family":"Kozak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear (CBRN), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) , Washington DC , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Herring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear (CBRN), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) , Washington DC , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly L","family":"Sciarretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research Innovation and Ventures (DRIVe), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) , Washington DC , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly L","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases Division (IEIDD), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) , Washington 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