{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:18:00Z","timestamp":1784542680404,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Initiative for Global Research Network on Infectious Diseases"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP19fm0108013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19fm0108013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP20wm0125001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20wm0125001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009037","name":"Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004532","name":"Japan International Cooperation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP16jm0110001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP16jm0110001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004532","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP19KK0204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19KK0204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007449","name":"Takeda Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007449","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rhinoviruses (RVs) are among the most frequently detected viruses from hospitalized children with severe acute respiratory infections, being classified into RV-A, RV-B, and RV-C (4 clades: C, GAC1, GAC2, and A2). This study aimed to compare the clinical characteristics and respiratory tract illness severity between the RV species and RV-C clades in children in primary care and hospital settings in rural communities in the Philippines.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Clinical samples and information of children &amp;lt;5 years old in the Philippines were collected from 2014 to 2016. The samples were tested by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the 5\u2032-untranslated region. PCR-positive samples were sequenced, and RV species were identified by phylogenetic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overall, 3680 respiratory tract illness episodes in 1688 cohort children were documented; 713 of those were RV positive and identified as RV-A (n = 271), RV-B (n = 47), and RV-C (n = 395: C [n = 76], GAG1 [n = 172], GAG2 [n = 8], A2 [n = 138], and unidentified [n = 1]). Severe illnesses, low oxygen saturation, cough, and wheezing were more common in patients with RV-C, especially with GAC1, than in those with RV-A or RV-B. Furthermore, severe illness was significantly more common in RV-C (GAC1)\u2013positive cases than in RV-A\u2013positive cases (odds ratio, 2.61 [95% CI, 1.17\u20134.13]).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Children infected with RV-C had more severe illnesses than children infected with RV-A and RV-B. Moreover, emerging clades of RV-C were associated with increased severity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T05:37:49Z","timestamp":1666157869000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Comparison of Rhinovirus A\u2013, B\u2013, and C\u2013Associated Respiratory Tract Illness Severity Based on the 5\u2032-Untranslated Region Among Children Younger Than 5 Years"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Akiko","family":"Sayama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiko","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raita","family":"Tamaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai , Japan"},{"name":"Japan International Cooperation Agency , Tokyo , Japan"},{"name":"Kenya Ministry of Health Disease Surveillance and Response Unit , Nairobi , Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariko","family":"Saito-Obata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayuko","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taro","family":"Kamigaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Sayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Lirio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Tropical Medicine , Metro Manila , Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna Ina G","family":"Manalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Tropical Medicine , Metro Manila , Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica L","family":"Tallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Tropical Medicine , Metro Manila , Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Socorro P","family":"Lupisan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Tropical Medicine , Metro Manila , Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Oshitani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022101905065137500_ofac387-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.053686-0","article-title":"Proposals for the classification of human rhinovirus species A, B and C into genotypically assigned types","volume":"94","author":"McIntyre","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2022101905065137500_ofac387-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1086\/508551","article-title":"Masstag polymerase-chain-reaction detection of respiratory pathogens, including a new rhinovirus genotype, that caused influenza-like illness in New York state during 2004\u20132005","volume":"194","author":"Lamson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022101905065137500_ofac387-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3655","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01254-07","article-title":"Clinical features and complete genome characterization of a distinct human rhinovirus (HRV) genetic cluster, probably representing a previously undetected HRV species, HRV-C, associated with acute respiratory illness in children","volume":"45","author":"Lau","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2022101905065137500_ofac387-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1847","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001847","article-title":"Distinguishing molecular features and clinical characteristics of a putative new rhinovirus species, human rhinovirus C (HRV C)","volume":"3","author":"McErlean","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022101905065137500_ofac387-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20689","article-title":"Frequent detection of human rhinoviruses, paramyxoviruses, coronaviruses, and bocavirus during acute respiratory tract infections","volume":"78","author":"Arden","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2022101905065137500_ofac387-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.03.012","article-title":"Characterisation of a newly identified human rhinovirus, HRV-QPM, discovered in infants with 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II. Patterns of occurrence of infection with respiratory pathogens, 1965\u20131969","volume":"94","author":"Monto","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022101905065137500_ofac387-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e026895","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026895","article-title":"Aetiology and risks factors associated with the fatal outcomes of childhood pneumonia among hospitalised children in the Philippines from 2008 to 2016: a case series study","volume":"9","author":"Dembele","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2022101905065137500_ofac387-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30721-4","article-title":"Causes of severe pneumonia requiring hospital admission in children without HIV infection from Africa and Asia: the PERCH multi-country case-control study","volume":"394","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022101905065137500_ofac387-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy232","article-title":"Heterotypic infection and spread of rhinovirus A, B, and C among child care attendees","volume":"218","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022101905065137500_ofac387-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31821b8c71","article-title":"Clinical spectrum of human rhinovirus infections in hospitalized Hong Kong children","volume":"30","author":"Mak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2022101905065137500_ofac387-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181d7a708","article-title":"Role of rhinovirus C respiratory infections in sick and healthy children in Spain","volume":"29","author":"Calvo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2022101905065137500_ofac387-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.09.017","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children with acute respiratory viral infections in the Philippines: a prospective cohort study","volume":"27","author":"Furuse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2022101905065137500_ofac387-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy515","article-title":"Association between preceding viral respiratory infection and subsequent respiratory illnesses among children: a prospective cohort study in the Philippines","volume":"219","author":"Furuse","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022101905065137500_ofac387-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2006.12.016","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a variant rhinovirus from an outbreak associated with uncommonly high mortality","volume":"38","author":"Kiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2022101905065137500_ofac387-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27247","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027247","article-title":"Detection of human rhinovirus C viral genome in blood among children with severe respiratory infections in the Philippines","volume":"6","author":"Fuji","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022101905065137500_ofac387-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.05.093","article-title":"WHO Consultation on respiratory syncytial virus vaccine development report from a World Health Organization meeting held on 23\u201324 March 2015","volume":"34","author":"Modjarrad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2022101905065137500_ofac387-B21","author":"Technical bases for the WHO recommendations on the management of pneumonia in children at first-level health facilities","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022101905065137500_ofac387-B22","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022101905065137500_ofac387-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8518","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008518","article-title":"Genetics, recombination and clinical features of human rhinovirus species C (HRV-C) infections; interactions of HRV-C with other respiratory viruses","volume":"4","author":"Wisdom","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022101905065137500_ofac387-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.04.016","article-title":"Clinical severity and molecular typing of human rhinovirus C strains during a fall outbreak affecting hospitalized patients","volume":"45","author":"Piralla","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2022101905065137500_ofac387-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20839","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20839","article-title":"Identification of a nucleotide in 5\u2032 untranslated region contributing to virus replication and virulence of coxsackievirus A16","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Open Forum Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/9\/10\/ofac387\/46560019\/ofac387.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/9\/10\/ofac387\/46560019\/ofac387.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T05:38:20Z","timestamp":1666157900000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofac387\/6762881"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofac387","relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-8957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2328-8957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"article-number":"ofac387"}}