{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T12:29:40Z","timestamp":1770985780996,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"COREVIH"},{"name":"French Ministry of Health and Social Affairs"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) at pharyngeal, urogenital, and anorectal sites is recommended for men who have sex with men (MSM). Pooling samples is a promising technique, but no data are available when pooled screening also includes Mycoplasma genitalium (MG). The main objective of this study was to examine the sensitivity of pooled samples for detecting CT, NG, and MG in MSM using nucleic acid amplification versus single-site testing.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this multicenter study, MSM with a positive result for CT, NG, or MG were recalled to the clinic for treatment and were asked to participate in this study. Separate samples were sent to a central virological department that proceeded to form the pooled samples. Testing was performed using the multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction Allplex STI Essential Assay (Seegene, Seoul, Korea), which can simultaneously detect 7 pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 130 MSM with at least 1 positive test for CT, NG, or MG were included. A total of 25.4% had a coinfection. The sensitivities of pooled-sample testing were 94.8% for CT, 97.0% for NG, and 92.3% for MG. Pooling failed to detect 8 infections, but pooled-sample analysis missed detecting only samples with a low bacterial load (cycle threshold &amp;gt;35).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pooling samples from MSM to detect CT, NG, and MG is as sensitive as individual-site testing for these 3 pathogens using the Allplex assay. Missed infections with a very low bacterial load could have a low impact on further transmission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Clinical Trials Registration. NCT03568695.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T11:18:20Z","timestamp":1667215100000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Pooling Rectal, Pharyngeal, and Urine Samples to Detect <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>, <i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i>, and <i>Mycoplasma genitalium<\/i> Using Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Is as Effective as Single-Site Testing for Men Who Have Sex With Men"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Thierry","family":"Prazuck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, CHR Orl\u00e9ans , Orleans , France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Lanotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de bacteriologie-virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tours , Tours , France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gw\u00e9na\u00ebl","family":"Le Moal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service des maladies infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Poitiers , Poitiers , France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2264-4822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"Hocqueloux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, CHR Orl\u00e9ans , Orleans , France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Sunder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service des maladies infectieuses, CH Niort , Niort , France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00e9lanie","family":"Catroux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service des maladies infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Poitiers , Poitiers , France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magali","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire inflammation tissus \u00e9pitheliaux et cytokines EA 4331, Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers , Poitiers , France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pascale","family":"Perfezou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service des maladies infectieuses, CH Quimper , Quimper , France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Gras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service des maladies infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tours , Tours , France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chlo\u00e9","family":"Plouzeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de bact\u00e9riologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Poitiers , Poitiers , France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"L\u00e9v\u00eaque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire inflammation tissus \u00e9pitheliaux et cytokines EA 4331, Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers , Poitiers , France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agn\u00e8s","family":"Beby-Defaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de virologie et mycobact\u00e9riologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Poitiers , Poitiers , France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B1","volume-title":"Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)","author":"World Health Organization.","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.5.1800038","article-title":"Bacterial sexually transmitted infections in France: recent trends and patients\u2019 characteristics in 2016","volume":"24","author":"Ndeikoundam Ngangro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000232","article-title":"Substantial increases in chlamydia and gonorrhea positivity unexplained by changes in individual-level sexual behaviors among men who have sex with men in an Australian sexual health service from 2007 to 2013","volume":"42","author":"Chow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462415615443","article-title":"2015 UK national guideline for the management of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"27","author":"Nwokolo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462419886775","article-title":"2018 UK national guideline for the management of infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"31","author":"Fifer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B6","volume-title":"WHO guidelines for the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis","author":"World Health Organization (WHO).","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015","volume":"64","author":"Workowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31822a2b2e","article-title":"Infections missed by urethral-only screening for chlamydia or gonorrhea detection among men who have sex with men","volume":"38","author":"Marcus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recommendations for the laboratory-based detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae\u20142014","volume":"63","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.74.1.66","article-title":"Pooling of urine specimens for PCR testing: a cost saving strategy for Chlamydia trachomatis control programmes","volume":"74","author":"Peeling","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02460-15","article-title":"The \u201c3 in 1\u201d study: pooling self-taken pharyngeal, urethral, and rectal samples into a single sample for analysis for detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in men who have sex with men","volume":"54","author":"Sultan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000722","article-title":"Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in men who have sex with men: diagnostic accuracy of nucleic acid amplification test on pooled urine, anorectal, and pharyngeal specimens","volume":"45","author":"Thielemans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053303","article-title":"Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis from pooled rectal, pharyngeal and urine specimens in men who have sex with men","volume":"94","author":"Speers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.2018.1545376","article-title":"Take three, test one: a cross-sectional study to evaluate the molecular detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in pooled pharyngeal, anorectal and urine samples versus single-site testing among men who have sex with men in Belgium","volume":"75","author":"De Baetselier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Clin Belg"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001191","article-title":"To pool or not to pool samples for sexually transmitted infections detection in men who have sex with men? An evaluation of a new pooling method using the GeneXpert instrument in West Africa","volume":"47","author":"De Baetselier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01969-19","article-title":"Pooling pharyngeal, anorectal, and urogenital samples for screening asymptomatic men who have sex with men for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"58","author":"Durukan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054666","article-title":"Modified self-obtained pooled sampling to screen for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in men who have sex with men","volume":"97","author":"Ando","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001411","article-title":"The performance of pooled 3 anatomic site testing for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among men who have sex with men and transgender women","volume":"48","author":"Bristow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3183","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1546","article-title":"Swab-yourself trial with economic monitoring and testing for infections collectively (SYSTEMATIC): part 2. A diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness study comparing rectal, pharyngeal, and urogenital samples analyzed individually, versus as a pooled specimen, for the diagnosis of gonorrhea and chlamydia","volume":"73","author":"Wilson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e215","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001558","article-title":"Pooled 3-anatomic site testing for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Almeria","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45911-0","article-title":"In vitro assessment of the APTIMA Combo 2 assay for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis using highly purified elementary bodies","volume":"54","author":"Ikeda-Dantsuji","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222439","article-title":"Comparison between Aptima assays (Hologic) and the Allplex STI Essential Assay (Seegene) for the diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections","volume":"14","author":"de Salazar","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B23","author":"B\u00e9b\u00e9ar","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001493","article-title":"Frequency and correlates of Mycoplasma genitalium antimicrobial resistance mutations and their association with treatment outcomes: findings from a national sentinel surveillance pilot in England","volume":"48","author":"Fifer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462421999287","article-title":"High prevalence and resistance rates of Mycoplasma genitalium among patients visiting two sexually transmitted infection clinics in the Netherlands","volume":"32","author":"Hetem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1086\/498904","article-title":"Diagnostic and clinical implications of anorectal lymphogranuloma venereum in men who have sex with men: a retrospective case-control study","volume":"42","author":"Van der Bij","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6950a6","article-title":"Update to CDC's treatment guidelines for gonococcal infection, 2020","volume":"69","author":"St Cyr","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2022103111181497900_ofac496-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2019-054357","article-title":"To pool or not to pool? Screening of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in female sex workers: pooled versus single-site testing","volume":"96","author":"Verougstraete","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"}],"container-title":["Open Forum Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/9\/10\/ofac496\/46695525\/ofac496.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/9\/10\/ofac496\/46695525\/ofac496.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T11:18:43Z","timestamp":1667215123000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofac496\/6782247"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofac496","relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-8957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2328-8957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"article-number":"ofac496"}}