{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T03:12:01Z","timestamp":1788923521080,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>There have been numerous reports of patients initially misdiagnosed in the 2009 H1N1 influenza and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemics within the literature. A systematic review was undertaken to collate misdiagnoses during the H1N1 and COVID-19 pandemics and identify which cognitive biases may contribute to this. MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane and MedRxiv databases were searched for misdiagnoses or cognitive biases resulting in misdiagnosis, occurring during the H1N1 or COVID-19 virus pandemics. Eligible studies were assessed for quality using JBI criteria; primary outcome was the final diagnosis. Sixty-nine studies involving 2551 participants were included. We identified 686 cases of misdiagnosis, categorized as viral respiratory infection, other respiratory infection, non-respiratory infection, and non-infective. Misdiagnoses are listed and relevant investigations are offered. No article described prospective assessment of decision making in the pandemic setting or debiasing diagnostic thinking. Further research is required to understand why misdiagnoses occur and harm arises and how clinicians can be assisted in their decision making in a pandemic context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T18:19:14Z","timestamp":1664993954000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Misdiagnoses in the Context of Suspected Pandemic Influenza or Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7685-0333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy","family":"Bray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), Centre for HR and Education , Copenhagen , Denmark"},{"name":"Hull University Teaching Hospitals , Hull , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5754-600X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katerina","family":"Meznikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hull University Teaching Hospitals , Hull , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hull University Teaching Hospitals , Hull , United Kingdom"},{"name":"University College London , London , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Razan","family":"Rislan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hull University Teaching Hospitals , Hull , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hull University Teaching Hospitals , Hull , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavan","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hull University Teaching Hospitals , Hull , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Staniland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hull University Teaching Hospitals , Hull , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4811-4774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Lillie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hull , Hull , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Infection Research Group, Hull University Teaching Hospitals , Hull , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4018-6685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gavin","family":"Barlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Research Group, Hull University Teaching Hospitals , Hull , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Experimental Medicine and Biomedicine, York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York , York , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6413-919X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Easom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hull , Hull , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Infection Research Group, Hull University Teaching Hospitals , Hull , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022110210073438600_ofac515-B1","article-title":"COVID-19: investigation and initial clinical management of possible cases. 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