{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:52:32Z","timestamp":1790725952855,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006292","name":"Infectious Diseases Society of America","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006292","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Career Development Award"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001949","name":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001949","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Wellcome"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Female genital tuberculosis (FGTB) is an important cause of morbidity and infertility worldwide. Mycobacterium tuberculosis most commonly spreads to the genital tract from a focus elsewhere in the body and affects the bilateral fallopian tubes and\/or endometrium. Many patients with FGTB have indolent disease and are only diagnosed after evaluation for infertility. Women may present with menstrual irregularities, lower abdominal or pelvic pain, or abnormal vaginal discharge. Given the low sensitivity of diagnostic tests, various composite reference standards are used to diagnose FGTB, including some combination of endoscopic findings, microbiological or molecular testing, and histopathological evidence in gynecological specimens. Early treatment with a standard regimen of a 2-month intensive phase with isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide, followed by a 4-month continuation phase with isoniazid and rifampin, is recommended to prevent irreversible organ damage. However, even with treatment, FGTB can lead to infertility or pregnancy-related complications, and stigma is pervasive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T13:47:50Z","timestamp":1666360070000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Female Genital Tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Christine","family":"Tzelios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Werner M","family":"Neuhausser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Ryley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"Boston IVF , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nhi","family":"Vo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocio M","family":"Hurtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3544-5021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruvandhi R","family":"Nathavitharana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022112516500216600_ofac543-B1","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis report 2021","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022112516500216600_ofac543-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.07.360","article-title":"Latent and genital tuberculosis in the infertile population in US\u2014experience at an academic fertility center in the north east underscores a need for vigilance","volume":"108","author":"Tal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2022112516500216600_ofac543-B3","first-page":"104","article-title":"Incidence of genital tuberculosis in infertile 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