{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T09:30:16Z","timestamp":1780824616344,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Transmission by unreported cases has been proposed as a reason for the 2013\u20132016 Ebola virus (EBOV) epidemic decline in West Africa, but studies that test this hypothesis are lacking. We examined a transmission chain within social networks in Sukudu village to assess spread and transmission burnout.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Network data were collected in 2 phases: (1) serological and contact information from Ebola cases (n = 48, including unreported); and (2) interviews (n = 148), including Ebola survivors (n = 13), to identify key social interactions. Social links to the transmission chain were used to calculate cumulative incidence proportion as the number of EBOV-infected people in the network divided by total network size.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The sample included 148 participants and 1522 contacts, comprising 10 social networks: 3 had strong links (&amp;gt;50% of cases) to the transmission chain: household sharing (largely kinship), leisure time, and talking about important things (both largely non-kin). Overall cumulative incidence for these networks was 37 of 311 (12%). Unreported cases did not have higher network centrality than reported cases.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although this study did not find evidence that explained epidemic decline in Sukudu, it excluded potential reasons (eg, unreported cases, herd immunity) and identified 3 social interactions in EBOV transmission.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T18:28:39Z","timestamp":1667500119000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Social Network Analysis of Ebola Virus Disease During the 2014 Outbreak in Sukudu, Sierra Leone"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7680-5460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"Hazel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle C","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abu","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M Bailor","family":"Barrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California , San Francisco, California , USA"},{"name":"Partners in Health , Freetown , Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adams","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners in Health , Freetown , Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Mbayoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners in Health , Freetown , Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Kamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners in Health , Freetown , Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Blumberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M","family":"Lietman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George W","family":"Rutherford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California , San Francisco, California , USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California , San Francisco, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Holland","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Social Sciences, Doerr School of Sustainability and the Environment, Stanford University , Stanford, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis C","family":"Porco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California , USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California , San Francisco, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene T","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners in Health , Freetown , Sierra Leone"},{"name":"Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7616-0321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J Daniel","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California , USA"},{"name":"Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California , San Francisco, California , USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California , San Francisco, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022113009500769900_ofac593-B1","first-page":"175","article-title":"Rapid intervention to reduce Ebola transmission in a remote village\u2014Gbarpolu County, Liberia, 2014","volume":"64","author":"Blackley","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2022113009500769900_ofac593-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005087","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005087","article-title":"Minimally symptomatic infection in an Ebola \u2018hotspot\u2019: a cross-sectional 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