{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T02:52:21Z","timestamp":1791859941927,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":32,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Safe and effective typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) are available, but many countries lack the high-resolution data needed to prioritize TCV introduction to the highest-risk communities. Here we discuss seroepidemiology\u2014an approach using antibody response data to characterize infection burden\u2014as a potential tool to fill this data gap. Serologic tests for typhoid have existed for over a hundred years, but only recently were antigens identified that were sensitive and specific enough to use as epidemiologic markers. These antigens, coupled with new methodological developments, permit estimating seroincidence\u2014the rate at which new infections occur in a population\u2014from cross-sectional serosurveys. These new tools open up many possible applications for enteric fever seroepidemiology, including generating high-resolution surveillance data, monitoring vaccine impact, and integrating with other serosurveillance initiatives. Challenges remain, including distinguishing Salmonella Typhi from Salmonella Paratyphi infections and accounting for reinfections. Enteric fever seroepidemiology can be conducted at a fraction of the cost, time, and sample size of surveillance blood culture studies and may enable more efficient and scalable surveillance for this important infectious disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T17:31:04Z","timestamp":1685727064000},"page":"S21-S25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Seroepidemiology for Enteric Fever: Emerging Approaches and Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1886-2699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen","family":"Aiemjoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis School of Medicine , Davis, California , USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine , Mahidol University School of Medicine, Bangkok , Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica C","family":"Seidman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sabin Vaccine Institute , Washington, District of Columbia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richelle C","family":"Charles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. 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Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5967-251X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason R","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023060210571810700_ofad021-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30685-6","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"19","author":"GBD 2017 Typhoid and Paratyphoid Collaborators","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2023060210571810700_ofad021-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa367","article-title":"The Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project (SEAP), severe typhoid fever surveillance in Africa (SETA), Surveillance of Enteric Fever in India (SEFI), and Strategic Typhoid Alliance Across Africa and Asia (STRATAA) population-based enteric fever studies: a review of methodological similarities and differences","volume":"71","author":"Carey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023060210571810700_ofad021-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1351-3","article-title":"Revisiting typhoid fever surveillance in low and middle income countries: lessons from systematic literature review of population-based longitudinal studies","volume":"16","author":"Mogasale","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023060210571810700_ofad021-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.02.030","article-title":"Diagnostics for invasive Salmonella infections: current challenges and future directions","volume":"33","author":"Andrews","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"2023060210571810700_ofad021-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S255","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy471","article-title":"The relationship between blood sample volume and diagnostic sensitivity of blood culture for typhoid and paratyphoid fever: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"218","author":"Antillon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023060210571810700_ofad021-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12737","article-title":"Seroepidemiology: an underused tool for designing and monitoring vaccination programmes in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"21","author":"Cutts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"2023060210571810700_ofad021-B7","first-page":"561","article-title":"Serodiagnostic de la fi\u00e9vre typhoide a-propos d\u2019uve modification par M. 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