{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:33:06Z","timestamp":1792009986586,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wellcome","award":["206545\/Z\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["206545\/Z\/17\/Z"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000276","name":"UK Department of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NIHR300039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR300039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Clinicians","award":["222931\/Z\/21\/Z)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222931\/Z\/21\/Z)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease is a clinical condition distinct from Salmonella gastroenteritis. With an overall case-fatality rate of 14.5%, iNTS remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the sources of infections that lead to cases of iNTS remain unclear. Broadly, there are 2 hypotheses as to the source of infections: (i) transmission from a zoonotic reservoir, similar to other nontyphoidal salmonelloses; or (ii) person-to-person transmission. Here we review several recent studies that have asked, \u201cWhat is the source of infections causing invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease?\u201d Two studies reported isolates in the stool of household members of iNTS cases that were very closely related (&amp;lt;3 single-nucleotide polymorphisms) to the iNTS case isolates; this is consistent with the hypothesis of person-to-person transmission, but infection from a common source (eg, a foodstuff) cannot be excluded. On the other hand, thorough investigations of the domestic environment of iNTS cases and the food pathway found only a single iNTS-associated Salmonella Enteritidis isolate. Therefore, we recommend that future studies test the hypothesis that iNTS is transmitted between people within the domestic environment. Further studies of food and water pathways are also warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T14:42:40Z","timestamp":1676904160000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["What is the Source of Infections Causing Invasive Nontyphoidal\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    Disease?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Esmeda B","family":"Chirwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Salmonella group, Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme , Blantyre , Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Dale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Salmonella group, Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme , Blantyre , Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melita A","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Salmonella group, Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme , Blantyre , Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip M","family":"Ashton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Salmonella group, Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme , Blantyre , Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023031019053914900_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30418-9","article-title":"The global burden of non-typhoidal Salmonella invasive disease: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"19","author":"Stanaway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023031019053914900_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.06.029","article-title":"Incidence of non-typhoidal Salmonella invasive disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"83","author":"Marchello","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2023031019053914900_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00615-0","article-title":"Complications and mortality of non-typhoidal Salmonella invasive disease: a global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Marchello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023031019053914900_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008440","article-title":"High relatedness of invasive multi-drug resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella genotypes among patients and asymptomatic carriers in endemic informal settlements in Kenya","volume":"14","author":"Kariuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2023031019053914900_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab051","article-title":"Characteristics of Salmonella recovered from stools of children enrolled in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study","volume":"73","author":"Kasumba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023031019053914900_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008377","article-title":"High genetic similarity between non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated 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