{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:12:01Z","timestamp":1753877521513,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]],"date-time":"2023-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Merck Investigator Study Program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) immune response is influenced by the innate and adaptive (humoral) immune systems. Our prior research found attenuated humoral responses to C difficile in immunocompromised hosts (ICHs) with CDI. We sought to evaluate whether the innate immune response to CDI was influenced by ICH status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a prospective study of hospitalized adults with CDI (acute diarrhea, positive C difficile stool nucleic acid amplification testing [NAAT], and decision to treat), with and without immunosuppression and measured a panel of cytokines (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [G-CSF], interleukin [IL]\u201310, IL-15, IL-1\u03b2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor\u2013\u03b1) in blood and stool at CDI diagnosis. Results were compared with measurements from a cohort of asymptomatic carrier patients (ASCs) (NAAT positive, without diarrhea) with and without immunocompromise.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred twenty-three subjects (42 ICHs, 50 non-ICHs, 31 ASCs) were included. Median values for blood and stool cytokines were similar in ICH versus non-ICH CDI subjects. In blood, G-CSF, IL-10, IL-15, IL-6, and IL-8 were higher in both groups of CDI subjects versus the ASC cohort (P &amp;lt; .05). In stool, IL-1\u03b2 and IL-8 were higher in both groups of CDI subjects versus the ASC cohort (P &amp;lt; .05). Median stool concentrations of IL-1\u03b2 demonstrated significant differences between the groups (ICHs, 10.97\u2005pg\/mL; non-ICHs, 9.71\u2005pg\/mL; and ASCs, 0.56\u2005pg\/mL) (P &amp;lt; .0001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this small exploratory analysis, ICH status did not significantly impact blood and fecal patterns of cytokines in humans at the diagnosis of CDI, suggesting that the innate immune response to C difficile may be conserved in immunocompromised patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]],"date-time":"2023-02-18T19:53:42Z","timestamp":1676750022000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Preservation of the Innate Immune Response to<i>Clostridioides difficile<\/i>Infection in Hospitalized Immunocompromised Patients"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Marcela","family":"Banegas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Villafuerte-G\u00e1lvez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Paredes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts , 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USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1906-359X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne J","family":"Gonzales-Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, University of Houston College of Pharmacy , Houston, Texas , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3718-5585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaitlyn","family":"Daugherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin W","family":"Garey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, University of Houston College of Pharmacy , Houston, Texas , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9853-7399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qianyun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lamei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi Province , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinhua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6396-2915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nira R","family":"Pollock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ciar\u00e1n P","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess 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