{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:11:53Z","timestamp":1790734313164,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC"},{"name":"(MSD)"},{"name":"Merck & Co, Inc"},{"name":"Becton, Dickinson & Company"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant challenge for treating pneumococcal disease. This study assessed AMR trends in Streptococcus pneumoniae from US children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated antibiotic resistance, defined as facility antimicrobial susceptibility reports of intermediate\/resistant, in 30-day nonduplicate S pneumoniae isolates from children (&amp;lt;18 years of age) with invasive (blood or cerebrospinal fluid\/neurological) or noninvasive (respiratory or ear\/nose\/throat) isolates at 219 US hospital inpatient\/outpatient settings in the BD Insights Research Database (January 2011\u2013February 2020). We used descriptive statistics to characterize the percentage of antimicrobial-resistant isolates and generalized estimating equations to assess variations in resistance over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 7605 S pneumoniae isolates analyzed, 6641 (87.3%) were from noninvasive sources. Resistance rates were higher in noninvasive versus invasive isolates. Isolates showed high observed rates of resistance to \u22651 drug class (56.8%), \u22652 drug classes (30.7%), macrolides (39.9%), and penicillin (39.6%) and significant annual increases in resistance to \u22651 drug class (+0.9%), \u22652 drug classes (+1.8%), and macrolides (+5.0%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among US children over the last decade, S pneumoniae isolates showed persistently high rates of resistance to antibiotics and significant increases in \u22651 drug class, \u22652 drug classes, and macrolide resistance rates. Efforts to address AMR in S pneumoniae may require vaccines targeting resistant serotypes and antimicrobial stewardship efforts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T18:25:01Z","timestamp":1678213501000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Trends in\n                    <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i>\n                    Antimicrobial Resistance in US Children: A Multicenter Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Salini","family":"Mohanty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Observational and Real World Evidence (CORE), Merck & Co, Inc , Rahway, New Jersey , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Feemster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Observational and Real World Evidence (CORE), Merck & Co, Inc , Rahway, New Jersey , 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